Module: transform
¶
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Adjust an image so that its cumulative histogram matches that of another. |
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Perform a circular Hough transform. |
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Perform an elliptical Hough transform. |
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Perform a straight line Hough transform. |
Return lines from a progressive probabilistic line Hough transform. |
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Return peaks in a circle Hough transform. |
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Return peaks in a straight line Hough transform. |
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Calculates the radon transform of an image given specified projection angles. |
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Inverse radon transform. |
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Inverse radon transform. |
Order angles to reduce the amount of correlated information in subsequent projections. |
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Compute the 2-dimensional finite radon transform (FRT) for an n x n integer array. |
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Compute the 2-dimensional inverse finite radon transform (iFRT) for an (n+1) x n integer array. |
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Integral image / summed area table. |
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Use an integral image to integrate over a given window. |
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Warp an image according to a given coordinate transformation. |
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Build the source coordinates for the output of a 2-D image warp. |
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Remap image to polor or log-polar coordinates space. |
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Estimate 2D geometric transformation parameters. |
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Apply 2D matrix transform. |
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Perform a swirl transformation. |
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Resize image to match a certain size. |
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Rotate image by a certain angle around its center. |
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Scale image by a certain factor. |
Down-sample N-dimensional image by local averaging. |
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Smooth and then downsample image. |
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Upsample and then smooth image. |
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Yield images of the Gaussian pyramid formed by the input image. |
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Yield images of the laplacian pyramid formed by the input image. |
2D Euclidean transformation. |
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2D similarity transformation. |
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2D affine transformation. |
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Projective transformation. |
Essential matrix transformation. |
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Fundamental matrix transformation. |
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2D polynomial transformation. |
2D piecewise affine transformation. |
match_histograms¶
-
skimage.transform.
match_histograms
(image, reference, multichannel=False)[source]¶ Adjust an image so that its cumulative histogram matches that of another.
The adjustment is applied separately for each channel.
- Parameters
image : ndarray
Input image. Can be gray-scale or in color.
reference : ndarray
Image to match histogram of. Must have the same number of channels as image.
multichannel : bool, optional
Apply the matching separately for each channel.
- Returns
matched : ndarray
Transformed input image.
- Raises
ValueError
Thrown when the number of channels in the input image and the reference differ.
- Warns
Deprecated:
New in version 0.16.
This function is deprecated and will be removed in scikit-image 0.18. Please use
match_histograms
fromexposure
module instead.
See also
References
hough_circle¶
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skimage.transform.
hough_circle
(image, radius, normalize=True, full_output=False)[source]¶ Perform a circular Hough transform.
- Parameters
image : (M, N) ndarray
Input image with nonzero values representing edges.
radius : scalar or sequence of scalars
Radii at which to compute the Hough transform. Floats are converted to integers.
normalize : boolean, optional (default True)
Normalize the accumulator with the number of pixels used to draw the radius.
full_output : boolean, optional (default False)
Extend the output size by twice the largest radius in order to detect centers outside the input picture.
- Returns
H : 3D ndarray (radius index, (M + 2R, N + 2R) ndarray)
Hough transform accumulator for each radius. R designates the larger radius if full_output is True. Otherwise, R = 0.
Examples
>>> from skimage.transform import hough_circle >>> from skimage.draw import circle_perimeter >>> img = np.zeros((100, 100), dtype=np.bool_) >>> rr, cc = circle_perimeter(25, 35, 23) >>> img[rr, cc] = 1 >>> try_radii = np.arange(5, 50) >>> res = hough_circle(img, try_radii) >>> ridx, r, c = np.unravel_index(np.argmax(res), res.shape) >>> r, c, try_radii[ridx] (25, 35, 23)
Examples using skimage.transform.hough_circle
¶
hough_ellipse¶
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skimage.transform.
hough_ellipse
(image, threshold=4, accuracy=1, min_size=4, max_size=None)[source]¶ Perform an elliptical Hough transform.
- Parameters
image : (M, N) ndarray
Input image with nonzero values representing edges.
threshold: int, optional
Accumulator threshold value.
accuracy : double, optional
Bin size on the minor axis used in the accumulator.
min_size : int, optional
Minimal major axis length.
max_size : int, optional
Maximal minor axis length. If None, the value is set to the half of the smaller image dimension.
- Returns
result : ndarray with fields [(accumulator, yc, xc, a, b, orientation)].
Where
(yc, xc)
is the center,(a, b)
the major and minor axes, respectively. The orientation value followsskimage.draw.ellipse_perimeter
convention.
Notes
The accuracy must be chosen to produce a peak in the accumulator distribution. In other words, a flat accumulator distribution with low values may be caused by a too low bin size.
References
- R587
Xie, Yonghong, and Qiang Ji. “A new efficient ellipse detection method.” Pattern Recognition, 2002. Proceedings. 16th International Conference on. Vol. 2. IEEE, 2002
Examples
>>> from skimage.transform import hough_ellipse >>> from skimage.draw import ellipse_perimeter >>> img = np.zeros((25, 25), dtype=np.uint8) >>> rr, cc = ellipse_perimeter(10, 10, 6, 8) >>> img[cc, rr] = 1 >>> result = hough_ellipse(img, threshold=8) >>> result.tolist() [(10, 10.0, 10.0, 8.0, 6.0, 0.0)]
Examples using skimage.transform.hough_ellipse
¶
hough_line¶
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skimage.transform.
hough_line
(image, theta=None)[source]¶ Perform a straight line Hough transform.
- Parameters
image : (M, N) ndarray
Input image with nonzero values representing edges.
theta : 1D ndarray of double, optional
Angles at which to compute the transform, in radians. Defaults to a vector of 180 angles evenly spaced from -pi/2 to pi/2.
- Returns
hspace : 2-D ndarray of uint64
Hough transform accumulator.
angles : ndarray
Angles at which the transform is computed, in radians.
distances : ndarray
Distance values.
Notes
The origin is the top left corner of the original image. X and Y axis are horizontal and vertical edges respectively. The distance is the minimal algebraic distance from the origin to the detected line. The angle accuracy can be improved by decreasing the step size in the theta array.
Examples
Generate a test image:
>>> img = np.zeros((100, 150), dtype=bool) >>> img[30, :] = 1 >>> img[:, 65] = 1 >>> img[35:45, 35:50] = 1 >>> for i in range(90): ... img[i, i] = 1 >>> img += np.random.random(img.shape) > 0.95
Apply the Hough transform:
>>> out, angles, d = hough_line(img)
import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt from skimage.transform import hough_line from skimage.draw import line img = np.zeros((100, 150), dtype=bool) img[30, :] = 1 img[:, 65] = 1 img[35:45, 35:50] = 1 rr, cc = line(60, 130, 80, 10) img[rr, cc] = 1 img += np.random.random(img.shape) > 0.95 out, angles, d = hough_line(img) fix, axes = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(7, 4)) axes[0].imshow(img, cmap=plt.cm.gray) axes[0].set_title('Input image') axes[1].imshow( out, cmap=plt.cm.bone, extent=(np.rad2deg(angles[-1]), np.rad2deg(angles[0]), d[-1], d[0])) axes[1].set_title('Hough transform') axes[1].set_xlabel('Angle (degree)') axes[1].set_ylabel('Distance (pixel)') plt.tight_layout() plt.show()
(Source code, png, pdf)
Examples using skimage.transform.hough_line
¶
probabilistic_hough_line¶
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skimage.transform.
probabilistic_hough_line
(image, threshold=10, line_length=50, line_gap=10, theta=None, seed=None)[source]¶ Return lines from a progressive probabilistic line Hough transform.
- Parameters
image : (M, N) ndarray
Input image with nonzero values representing edges.
threshold : int, optional
Threshold
line_length : int, optional
Minimum accepted length of detected lines. Increase the parameter to extract longer lines.
line_gap : int, optional
Maximum gap between pixels to still form a line. Increase the parameter to merge broken lines more aggressively.
theta : 1D ndarray, dtype=double, optional
Angles at which to compute the transform, in radians. If None, use a range from -pi/2 to pi/2.
seed : int, optional
Seed to initialize the random number generator.
- Returns
lines : list
List of lines identified, lines in format ((x0, y0), (x1, y1)), indicating line start and end.
References
- R588
C. Galamhos, J. Matas and J. Kittler, “Progressive probabilistic Hough transform for line detection”, in IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 1999.
Examples using skimage.transform.probabilistic_hough_line
¶
hough_circle_peaks¶
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skimage.transform.
hough_circle_peaks
(hspaces, radii, min_xdistance=1, min_ydistance=1, threshold=None, num_peaks=inf, total_num_peaks=inf, normalize=False)[source]¶ Return peaks in a circle Hough transform.
Identifies most prominent circles separated by certain distances in a Hough space. Non-maximum suppression with different sizes is applied separately in the first and second dimension of the Hough space to identify peaks.
- Parameters
hspaces : (N, M) array
Hough spaces returned by the
hough_circle
function.radii : (M,) array
Radii corresponding to Hough spaces.
min_xdistance : int, optional
Minimum distance separating centers in the x dimension.
min_ydistance : int, optional
Minimum distance separating centers in the y dimension.
threshold : float, optional
Minimum intensity of peaks in each Hough space. Default is 0.5 * max(hspace).
num_peaks : int, optional
Maximum number of peaks in each Hough space. When the number of peaks exceeds num_peaks, only num_peaks coordinates based on peak intensity are considered for the corresponding radius.
total_num_peaks : int, optional
Maximum number of peaks. When the number of peaks exceeds num_peaks, return num_peaks coordinates based on peak intensity.
normalize : bool, optional
If True, normalize the accumulator by the radius to sort the prominent peaks.
- Returns
accum, cx, cy, rad : tuple of array
Peak values in Hough space, x and y center coordinates and radii.
Examples
>>> from skimage import transform, draw >>> img = np.zeros((120, 100), dtype=int) >>> radius, x_0, y_0 = (20, 99, 50) >>> y, x = draw.circle_perimeter(y_0, x_0, radius) >>> img[x, y] = 1 >>> hspaces = transform.hough_circle(img, radius) >>> accum, cx, cy, rad = hough_circle_peaks(hspaces, [radius,])
Examples using skimage.transform.hough_circle_peaks
¶
hough_line_peaks¶
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skimage.transform.
hough_line_peaks
(hspace, angles, dists, min_distance=9, min_angle=10, threshold=None, num_peaks=inf)[source]¶ Return peaks in a straight line Hough transform.
Identifies most prominent lines separated by a certain angle and distance in a Hough transform. Non-maximum suppression with different sizes is applied separately in the first (distances) and second (angles) dimension of the Hough space to identify peaks.
- Parameters
hspace : (N, M) array
Hough space returned by the
hough_line
function.angles : (M,) array
Angles returned by the
hough_line
function. Assumed to be continuous. (angles[-1] - angles[0] == PI).dists : (N, ) array
Distances returned by the
hough_line
function.min_distance : int, optional
Minimum distance separating lines (maximum filter size for first dimension of hough space).
min_angle : int, optional
Minimum angle separating lines (maximum filter size for second dimension of hough space).
threshold : float, optional
Minimum intensity of peaks. Default is 0.5 * max(hspace).
num_peaks : int, optional
Maximum number of peaks. When the number of peaks exceeds num_peaks, return num_peaks coordinates based on peak intensity.
- Returns
accum, angles, dists : tuple of array
Peak values in Hough space, angles and distances.
Examples
>>> from skimage.transform import hough_line, hough_line_peaks >>> from skimage.draw import line >>> img = np.zeros((15, 15), dtype=np.bool_) >>> rr, cc = line(0, 0, 14, 14) >>> img[rr, cc] = 1 >>> rr, cc = line(0, 14, 14, 0) >>> img[cc, rr] = 1 >>> hspace, angles, dists = hough_line(img) >>> hspace, angles, dists = hough_line_peaks(hspace, angles, dists) >>> len(angles) 2
Examples using skimage.transform.hough_line_peaks
¶
radon¶
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skimage.transform.
radon
(image, theta=None, circle=True, *, preserve_range=None)[source]¶ Calculates the radon transform of an image given specified projection angles.
- Parameters
image : array_like
Input image. The rotation axis will be located in the pixel with indices
(image.shape[0] // 2, image.shape[1] // 2)
.theta : array_like, optional
Projection angles (in degrees). If None, the value is set to np.arange(180).
circle : boolean, optional
Assume image is zero outside the inscribed circle, making the width of each projection (the first dimension of the sinogram) equal to
min(image.shape)
.preserve_range : bool, optional
Whether to keep the original range of values. Otherwise, the input image is converted according to the conventions of img_as_float. Also see https://scikit-image.org/docs/dev/user_guide/data_types.html
- Returns
radon_image : ndarray
Radon transform (sinogram). The tomography rotation axis will lie at the pixel index
radon_image.shape[0] // 2
along the 0th dimension ofradon_image
.
Notes
Based on code of Justin K. Romberg (https://www.clear.rice.edu/elec431/projects96/DSP/bpanalysis.html)
References
- R589
AC Kak, M Slaney, “Principles of Computerized Tomographic Imaging”, IEEE Press 1988.
- R590
B.R. Ramesh, N. Srinivasa, K. Rajgopal, “An Algorithm for Computing the Discrete Radon Transform With Some Applications”, Proceedings of the Fourth IEEE Region 10 International Conference, TENCON ‘89, 1989
Examples using skimage.transform.radon
¶
iradon¶
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skimage.transform.
iradon
(radon_image, theta=None, output_size=None, filter='ramp', interpolation='linear', circle=True)[source]¶ Inverse radon transform.
Reconstruct an image from the radon transform, using the filtered back projection algorithm.
- Parameters
radon_image : array_like, dtype=float
Image containing radon transform (sinogram). Each column of the image corresponds to a projection along a different angle. The tomography rotation axis should lie at the pixel index
radon_image.shape[0] // 2
along the 0th dimension ofradon_image
.theta : array_like, dtype=float, optional
Reconstruction angles (in degrees). Default: m angles evenly spaced between 0 and 180 (if the shape of radon_image is (N, M)).
output_size : int, optional
Number of rows and columns in the reconstruction.
filter : str, optional
Filter used in frequency domain filtering. Ramp filter used by default. Filters available: ramp, shepp-logan, cosine, hamming, hann. Assign None to use no filter.
interpolation : str, optional
Interpolation method used in reconstruction. Methods available: ‘linear’, ‘nearest’, and ‘cubic’ (‘cubic’ is slow).
circle : boolean, optional
Assume the reconstructed image is zero outside the inscribed circle. Also changes the default output_size to match the behaviour of
radon
called withcircle=True
.- Returns
reconstructed : ndarray
Reconstructed image. The rotation axis will be located in the pixel with indices
(reconstructed.shape[0] // 2, reconstructed.shape[1] // 2)
.
Notes
It applies the Fourier slice theorem to reconstruct an image by multiplying the frequency domain of the filter with the FFT of the projection data. This algorithm is called filtered back projection.
References
- R591
AC Kak, M Slaney, “Principles of Computerized Tomographic Imaging”, IEEE Press 1988.
- R592
B.R. Ramesh, N. Srinivasa, K. Rajgopal, “An Algorithm for Computing the Discrete Radon Transform With Some Applications”, Proceedings of the Fourth IEEE Region 10 International Conference, TENCON ‘89, 1989
Examples using skimage.transform.iradon
¶
iradon_sart¶
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skimage.transform.
iradon_sart
(radon_image, theta=None, image=None, projection_shifts=None, clip=None, relaxation=0.15)[source]¶ Inverse radon transform.
Reconstruct an image from the radon transform, using a single iteration of the Simultaneous Algebraic Reconstruction Technique (SART) algorithm.
- Parameters
radon_image : 2D array, dtype=float
Image containing radon transform (sinogram). Each column of the image corresponds to a projection along a different angle. The tomography rotation axis should lie at the pixel index
radon_image.shape[0] // 2
along the 0th dimension ofradon_image
.theta : 1D array, dtype=float, optional
Reconstruction angles (in degrees). Default: m angles evenly spaced between 0 and 180 (if the shape of radon_image is (N, M)).
image : 2D array, dtype=float, optional
Image containing an initial reconstruction estimate. Shape of this array should be
(radon_image.shape[0], radon_image.shape[0])
. The default is an array of zeros.projection_shifts : 1D array, dtype=float, optional
Shift the projections contained in
radon_image
(the sinogram) by this many pixels before reconstructing the image. The i’th value defines the shift of the i’th column ofradon_image
.clip : length-2 sequence of floats, optional
Force all values in the reconstructed tomogram to lie in the range
[clip[0], clip[1]]
relaxation : float, optional
Relaxation parameter for the update step. A higher value can improve the convergence rate, but one runs the risk of instabilities. Values close to or higher than 1 are not recommended.
- Returns
reconstructed : ndarray
Reconstructed image. The rotation axis will be located in the pixel with indices
(reconstructed.shape[0] // 2, reconstructed.shape[1] // 2)
.
Notes
Algebraic Reconstruction Techniques are based on formulating the tomography reconstruction problem as a set of linear equations. Along each ray, the projected value is the sum of all the values of the cross section along the ray. A typical feature of SART (and a few other variants of algebraic techniques) is that it samples the cross section at equidistant points along the ray, using linear interpolation between the pixel values of the cross section. The resulting set of linear equations are then solved using a slightly modified Kaczmarz method.
When using SART, a single iteration is usually sufficient to obtain a good reconstruction. Further iterations will tend to enhance high-frequency information, but will also often increase the noise.
References
- R593
AC Kak, M Slaney, “Principles of Computerized Tomographic Imaging”, IEEE Press 1988.
- R594
AH Andersen, AC Kak, “Simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique (SART): a superior implementation of the ART algorithm”, Ultrasonic Imaging 6 pp 81–94 (1984)
- R595
S Kaczmarz, “Angenäherte auflösung von systemen linearer gleichungen”, Bulletin International de l’Academie Polonaise des Sciences et des Lettres 35 pp 355–357 (1937)
- R596
Kohler, T. “A projection access scheme for iterative reconstruction based on the golden section.” Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, 2004 IEEE. Vol. 6. IEEE, 2004.
- R597
Kaczmarz’ method, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaczmarz_method
Examples using skimage.transform.iradon_sart
¶
order_angles_golden_ratio¶
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skimage.transform.
order_angles_golden_ratio
(theta)[source]¶ Order angles to reduce the amount of correlated information in subsequent projections.
- Parameters
theta : 1D array of floats
Projection angles in degrees. Duplicate angles are not allowed.
- Returns
indices_generator : generator yielding unsigned integers
The returned generator yields indices into
theta
such thattheta[indices]
gives the approximate golden ratio ordering of the projections. In total,len(theta)
indices are yielded. All non-negative integers <len(theta)
are yielded exactly once.
Notes
The method used here is that of the golden ratio introduced by T. Kohler.
References
- R598
Kohler, T. “A projection access scheme for iterative reconstruction based on the golden section.” Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, 2004 IEEE. Vol. 6. IEEE, 2004.
- R599
Winkelmann, Stefanie, et al. “An optimal radial profile order based on the Golden Ratio for time-resolved MRI.” Medical Imaging, IEEE Transactions on 26.1 (2007): 68-76.
frt2¶
-
skimage.transform.
frt2
(a)[source]¶ Compute the 2-dimensional finite radon transform (FRT) for an n x n integer array.
- Parameters
a : array_like
A 2-D square n x n integer array.
- Returns
FRT : 2-D ndarray
Finite Radon Transform array of (n+1) x n integer coefficients.
See also
ifrt2
The two-dimensional inverse FRT.
Notes
The FRT has a unique inverse if and only if n is prime. [FRT] The idea for this algorithm is due to Vlad Negnevitski.
References
- FRT599
A. Kingston and I. Svalbe, “Projective transforms on periodic discrete image arrays,” in P. Hawkes (Ed), Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics, 139 (2006)
Examples
Generate a test image: Use a prime number for the array dimensions
>>> SIZE = 59 >>> img = np.tri(SIZE, dtype=np.int32)
Apply the Finite Radon Transform:
>>> f = frt2(img)
ifrt2¶
-
skimage.transform.
ifrt2
(a)[source]¶ Compute the 2-dimensional inverse finite radon transform (iFRT) for an (n+1) x n integer array.
- Parameters
a : array_like
A 2-D (n+1) row x n column integer array.
- Returns
iFRT : 2-D n x n ndarray
Inverse Finite Radon Transform array of n x n integer coefficients.
See also
frt2
The two-dimensional FRT
Notes
The FRT has a unique inverse if and only if n is prime. See [R601] for an overview. The idea for this algorithm is due to Vlad Negnevitski.
References
- R601(1,2)
A. Kingston and I. Svalbe, “Projective transforms on periodic discrete image arrays,” in P. Hawkes (Ed), Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics, 139 (2006)
Examples
>>> SIZE = 59 >>> img = np.tri(SIZE, dtype=np.int32)
Apply the Finite Radon Transform:
>>> f = frt2(img)
Apply the Inverse Finite Radon Transform to recover the input
>>> fi = ifrt2(f)
Check that it’s identical to the original
>>> assert len(np.nonzero(img-fi)[0]) == 0
integral_image¶
-
skimage.transform.
integral_image
(image)[source]¶ Integral image / summed area table.
The integral image contains the sum of all elements above and to the left of it, i.e.:
\[S[m, n] = \sum_{i \leq m} \sum_{j \leq n} X[i, j]\]- Parameters
image : ndarray
Input image.
- Returns
S : ndarray
Integral image/summed area table of same shape as input image.
References
- R602
F.C. Crow, “Summed-area tables for texture mapping,” ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics, vol. 18, 1984, pp. 207-212.
Examples using skimage.transform.integral_image
¶
integrate¶
-
skimage.transform.
integrate
(ii, start, end)[source]¶ Use an integral image to integrate over a given window.
- Parameters
ii : ndarray
Integral image.
start : List of tuples, each tuple of length equal to dimension of ii
Coordinates of top left corner of window(s). Each tuple in the list contains the starting row, col, … index i.e [(row_win1, col_win1, …), (row_win2, col_win2,…), …].
end : List of tuples, each tuple of length equal to dimension of ii
Coordinates of bottom right corner of window(s). Each tuple in the list containing the end row, col, … index i.e [(row_win1, col_win1, …), (row_win2, col_win2, …), …].
- Returns
S : scalar or ndarray
Integral (sum) over the given window(s).
Examples
>>> arr = np.ones((5, 6), dtype=np.float) >>> ii = integral_image(arr) >>> integrate(ii, (1, 0), (1, 2)) # sum from (1, 0) to (1, 2) array([ 3.]) >>> integrate(ii, [(3, 3)], [(4, 5)]) # sum from (3, 3) to (4, 5) array([ 6.]) >>> # sum from (1, 0) to (1, 2) and from (3, 3) to (4, 5) >>> integrate(ii, [(1, 0), (3, 3)], [(1, 2), (4, 5)]) array([ 3., 6.])
warp¶
-
skimage.transform.
warp
(image, inverse_map, map_args={}, output_shape=None, order=1, mode='constant', cval=0.0, clip=True, preserve_range=False)[source]¶ Warp an image according to a given coordinate transformation.
- Parameters
image : ndarray
Input image.
inverse_map : transformation object, callable
cr = f(cr, **kwargs)
, or ndarrayInverse coordinate map, which transforms coordinates in the output images into their corresponding coordinates in the input image.
There are a number of different options to define this map, depending on the dimensionality of the input image. A 2-D image can have 2 dimensions for gray-scale images, or 3 dimensions with color information.
For 2-D images, you can directly pass a transformation object, e.g.
skimage.transform.SimilarityTransform
, or its inverse.For 2-D images, you can pass a
(3, 3)
homogeneous transformation matrix, e.g. skimage.transform.SimilarityTransform.params.For 2-D images, a function that transforms a
(M, 2)
array of(col, row)
coordinates in the output image to their corresponding coordinates in the input image. Extra parameters to the function can be specified through map_args.For N-D images, you can directly pass an array of coordinates. The first dimension specifies the coordinates in the input image, while the subsequent dimensions determine the position in the output image. E.g. in case of 2-D images, you need to pass an array of shape
(2, rows, cols)
, where rows and cols determine the shape of the output image, and the first dimension contains the(row, col)
coordinate in the input image. Seescipy.ndimage.map_coordinates
for further documentation.
Note, that a
(3, 3)
matrix is interpreted as a homogeneous transformation matrix, so you cannot interpolate values from a 3-D input, if the output is of shape(3,)
.See example section for usage.
map_args : dict, optional
Keyword arguments passed to inverse_map.
output_shape : tuple (rows, cols), optional
Shape of the output image generated. By default the shape of the input image is preserved. Note that, even for multi-band images, only rows and columns need to be specified.
order : int, optional
- The order of interpolation. The order has to be in the range 0-5:
0: Nearest-neighbor
1: Bi-linear (default)
2: Bi-quadratic
3: Bi-cubic
4: Bi-quartic
5: Bi-quintic
mode : {‘constant’, ‘edge’, ‘symmetric’, ‘reflect’, ‘wrap’}, optional
Points outside the boundaries of the input are filled according to the given mode. Modes match the behaviour of
numpy.pad
.cval : float, optional
Used in conjunction with mode ‘constant’, the value outside the image boundaries.
clip : bool, optional
Whether to clip the output to the range of values of the input image. This is enabled by default, since higher order interpolation may produce values outside the given input range.
preserve_range : bool, optional
Whether to keep the original range of values. Otherwise, the input image is converted according to the conventions of img_as_float. Also see https://scikit-image.org/docs/dev/user_guide/data_types.html
- Returns
warped : double ndarray
The warped input image.
Notes
The input image is converted to a double image.
In case of a
SimilarityTransform
,AffineTransform
andProjectiveTransform
and order in [0, 3] this function uses the underlying transformation matrix to warp the image with a much faster routine.
Examples
>>> from skimage.transform import warp >>> from skimage import data >>> image = data.camera()
The following image warps are all equal but differ substantially in execution time. The image is shifted to the bottom.
Use a geometric transform to warp an image (fast):
>>> from skimage.transform import SimilarityTransform >>> tform = SimilarityTransform(translation=(0, -10)) >>> warped = warp(image, tform)
Use a callable (slow):
>>> def shift_down(xy): ... xy[:, 1] -= 10 ... return xy >>> warped = warp(image, shift_down)
Use a transformation matrix to warp an image (fast):
>>> matrix = np.array([[1, 0, 0], [0, 1, -10], [0, 0, 1]]) >>> warped = warp(image, matrix) >>> from skimage.transform import ProjectiveTransform >>> warped = warp(image, ProjectiveTransform(matrix=matrix))
You can also use the inverse of a geometric transformation (fast):
>>> warped = warp(image, tform.inverse)
For N-D images you can pass a coordinate array, that specifies the coordinates in the input image for every element in the output image. E.g. if you want to rescale a 3-D cube, you can do:
>>> cube_shape = np.array([30, 30, 30]) >>> cube = np.random.rand(*cube_shape)
Setup the coordinate array, that defines the scaling:
>>> scale = 0.1 >>> output_shape = (scale * cube_shape).astype(int) >>> coords0, coords1, coords2 = np.mgrid[:output_shape[0], ... :output_shape[1], :output_shape[2]] >>> coords = np.array([coords0, coords1, coords2])
Assume that the cube contains spatial data, where the first array element center is at coordinate (0.5, 0.5, 0.5) in real space, i.e. we have to account for this extra offset when scaling the image:
>>> coords = (coords + 0.5) / scale - 0.5 >>> warped = warp(cube, coords)
warp_coords¶
-
skimage.transform.
warp_coords
(coord_map, shape, dtype=<class 'numpy.float64'>)[source]¶ Build the source coordinates for the output of a 2-D image warp.
- Parameters
coord_map : callable like GeometricTransform.inverse
Return input coordinates for given output coordinates. Coordinates are in the shape (P, 2), where P is the number of coordinates and each element is a
(row, col)
pair.shape : tuple
Shape of output image
(rows, cols[, bands])
.dtype : np.dtype or string
dtype for return value (sane choices: float32 or float64).
- Returns
coords : (ndim, rows, cols[, bands]) array of dtype dtype
Coordinates for
scipy.ndimage.map_coordinates
, that will yield an image of shape (orows, ocols, bands) by drawing from source points according to the coord_transform_fn.
Notes
This is a lower-level routine that produces the source coordinates for 2-D images used by warp().
It is provided separately from
warp
to give additional flexibility to users who would like, for example, to re-use a particular coordinate mapping, to use specific dtypes at various points along the the image-warping process, or to implement different post-processing logic thanwarp
performs after the call to ndi.map_coordinates.Examples
Produce a coordinate map that shifts an image up and to the right:
>>> from skimage import data >>> from scipy.ndimage import map_coordinates >>> >>> def shift_up10_left20(xy): ... return xy - np.array([-20, 10])[None, :] >>> >>> image = data.astronaut().astype(np.float32) >>> coords = warp_coords(shift_up10_left20, image.shape) >>> warped_image = map_coordinates(image, coords)
warp_polar¶
-
skimage.transform.
warp_polar
(image, center=None, *, radius=None, output_shape=None, scaling='linear', multichannel=False, **kwargs)[source]¶ Remap image to polor or log-polar coordinates space.
- Parameters
image : ndarray
Input image. Only 2-D arrays are accepted by default. If multichannel=True, 3-D arrays are accepted and the last axis is interpreted as multiple channels.
center : tuple (row, col), optional
Point in image that represents the center of the transformation (i.e., the origin in cartesian space). Values can be of type float. If no value is given, the center is assumed to be the center point of the image.
radius : float, optional
Radius of the circle that bounds the area to be transformed.
output_shape : tuple (row, col), optional
scaling : {‘linear’, ‘log’}, optional
Specify whether the image warp is polar or log-polar. Defaults to ‘linear’.
multichannel : bool, optional
Whether the image is a 3-D array in which the third axis is to be interpreted as multiple channels. If set to False (default), only 2-D arrays are accepted.
**kwargs : keyword arguments
Passed to transform.warp.
- Returns
warped : ndarray
The polar or log-polar warped image.
Examples
Perform a basic polar warp on a grayscale image:
>>> from skimage import data >>> from skimage.transform import warp_polar >>> image = data.checkerboard() >>> warped = warp_polar(image)
Perform a log-polar warp on a grayscale image:
>>> warped = warp_polar(image, scaling='log')
Perform a log-polar warp on a grayscale image while specifying center, radius, and output shape:
>>> warped = warp_polar(image, (100,100), radius=100, ... output_shape=image.shape, scaling='log')
Perform a log-polar warp on a color image:
>>> image = data.astronaut() >>> warped = warp_polar(image, scaling='log', multichannel=True)
Examples using skimage.transform.warp_polar
¶
estimate_transform¶
-
skimage.transform.
estimate_transform
(ttype, src, dst, **kwargs)[source]¶ Estimate 2D geometric transformation parameters.
You can determine the over-, well- and under-determined parameters with the total least-squares method.
Number of source and destination coordinates must match.
- Parameters
ttype : {‘euclidean’, similarity’, ‘affine’, ‘piecewise-affine’, ‘projective’, ‘polynomial’}
Type of transform.
kwargs : array or int
Function parameters (src, dst, n, angle):
NAME / TTYPE FUNCTION PARAMETERS 'euclidean' `src, `dst` 'similarity' `src, `dst` 'affine' `src, `dst` 'piecewise-affine' `src, `dst` 'projective' `src, `dst` 'polynomial' `src, `dst`, `order` (polynomial order, default order is 2)
Also see examples below.
- Returns
tform :
GeometricTransform
Transform object containing the transformation parameters and providing access to forward and inverse transformation functions.
Examples
>>> import numpy as np >>> from skimage import transform as tf
>>> # estimate transformation parameters >>> src = np.array([0, 0, 10, 10]).reshape((2, 2)) >>> dst = np.array([12, 14, 1, -20]).reshape((2, 2))
>>> tform = tf.estimate_transform('similarity', src, dst)
>>> np.allclose(tform.inverse(tform(src)), src) True
>>> # warp image using the estimated transformation >>> from skimage import data >>> image = data.camera()
>>> warp(image, inverse_map=tform.inverse)
>>> # create transformation with explicit parameters >>> tform2 = tf.SimilarityTransform(scale=1.1, rotation=1, ... translation=(10, 20))
>>> # unite transformations, applied in order from left to right >>> tform3 = tform + tform2 >>> np.allclose(tform3(src), tform2(tform(src))) True
matrix_transform¶
swirl¶
-
skimage.transform.
swirl
(image, center=None, strength=1, radius=100, rotation=0, output_shape=None, order=1, mode='reflect', cval=0, clip=True, preserve_range=False)[source]¶ Perform a swirl transformation.
- Parameters
image : ndarray
Input image.
center : (column, row) tuple or (2,) ndarray, optional
Center coordinate of transformation.
strength : float, optional
The amount of swirling applied.
radius : float, optional
The extent of the swirl in pixels. The effect dies out rapidly beyond radius.
rotation : float, optional
Additional rotation applied to the image.
- Returns
swirled : ndarray
Swirled version of the input.
- Other Parameters
output_shape : tuple (rows, cols), optional
Shape of the output image generated. By default the shape of the input image is preserved.
order : int, optional
The order of the spline interpolation, default is 1. The order has to be in the range 0-5. See
skimage.transform.warp
for detail.mode : {‘constant’, ‘edge’, ‘symmetric’, ‘reflect’, ‘wrap’}, optional
Points outside the boundaries of the input are filled according to the given mode, with ‘constant’ used as the default. Modes match the behaviour of
numpy.pad
.cval : float, optional
Used in conjunction with mode ‘constant’, the value outside the image boundaries.
clip : bool, optional
Whether to clip the output to the range of values of the input image. This is enabled by default, since higher order interpolation may produce values outside the given input range.
preserve_range : bool, optional
Whether to keep the original range of values. Otherwise, the input image is converted according to the conventions of img_as_float. Also see https://scikit-image.org/docs/dev/user_guide/data_types.html
resize¶
-
skimage.transform.
resize
(image, output_shape, order=1, mode='reflect', cval=0, clip=True, preserve_range=False, anti_aliasing=True, anti_aliasing_sigma=None)[source]¶ Resize image to match a certain size.
Performs interpolation to up-size or down-size N-dimensional images. Note that anti-aliasing should be enabled when down-sizing images to avoid aliasing artifacts. For down-sampling with an integer factor also see
skimage.transform.downscale_local_mean
.- Parameters
image : ndarray
Input image.
output_shape : tuple or ndarray
Size of the generated output image (rows, cols[, …][, dim]). If dim is not provided, the number of channels is preserved. In case the number of input channels does not equal the number of output channels a n-dimensional interpolation is applied.
- Returns
resized : ndarray
Resized version of the input.
- Other Parameters
order : int, optional
The order of the spline interpolation, default is 1. The order has to be in the range 0-5. See
skimage.transform.warp
for detail.mode : {‘constant’, ‘edge’, ‘symmetric’, ‘reflect’, ‘wrap’}, optional
Points outside the boundaries of the input are filled according to the given mode. Modes match the behaviour of
numpy.pad
.cval : float, optional
Used in conjunction with mode ‘constant’, the value outside the image boundaries.
clip : bool, optional
Whether to clip the output to the range of values of the input image. This is enabled by default, since higher order interpolation may produce values outside the given input range.
preserve_range : bool, optional
Whether to keep the original range of values. Otherwise, the input image is converted according to the conventions of img_as_float. Also see https://scikit-image.org/docs/dev/user_guide/data_types.html
anti_aliasing : bool, optional
Whether to apply a Gaussian filter to smooth the image prior to down-scaling. It is crucial to filter when down-sampling the image to avoid aliasing artifacts.
anti_aliasing_sigma : {float, tuple of floats}, optional
Standard deviation for Gaussian filtering to avoid aliasing artifacts. By default, this value is chosen as (s - 1) / 2 where s is the down-scaling factor, where s > 1. For the up-size case, s < 1, no anti-aliasing is performed prior to rescaling.
Notes
Modes ‘reflect’ and ‘symmetric’ are similar, but differ in whether the edge pixels are duplicated during the reflection. As an example, if an array has values [0, 1, 2] and was padded to the right by four values using symmetric, the result would be [0, 1, 2, 2, 1, 0, 0], while for reflect it would be [0, 1, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2].
Examples
>>> from skimage import data >>> from skimage.transform import resize >>> image = data.camera() >>> resize(image, (100, 100)).shape (100, 100)
rotate¶
-
skimage.transform.
rotate
(image, angle, resize=False, center=None, order=1, mode='constant', cval=0, clip=True, preserve_range=False)[source]¶ Rotate image by a certain angle around its center.
- Parameters
image : ndarray
Input image.
angle : float
Rotation angle in degrees in counter-clockwise direction.
resize : bool, optional
Determine whether the shape of the output image will be automatically calculated, so the complete rotated image exactly fits. Default is False.
center : iterable of length 2
The rotation center. If
center=None
, the image is rotated around its center, i.e.center=(cols / 2 - 0.5, rows / 2 - 0.5)
. Please note that this parameter is (cols, rows), contrary to normal skimage ordering.- Returns
rotated : ndarray
Rotated version of the input.
- Other Parameters
order : int, optional
The order of the spline interpolation, default is 1. The order has to be in the range 0-5. See
skimage.transform.warp
for detail.mode : {‘constant’, ‘edge’, ‘symmetric’, ‘reflect’, ‘wrap’}, optional
Points outside the boundaries of the input are filled according to the given mode. Modes match the behaviour of
numpy.pad
.cval : float, optional
Used in conjunction with mode ‘constant’, the value outside the image boundaries.
clip : bool, optional
Whether to clip the output to the range of values of the input image. This is enabled by default, since higher order interpolation may produce values outside the given input range.
preserve_range : bool, optional
Whether to keep the original range of values. Otherwise, the input image is converted according to the conventions of img_as_float. Also see https://scikit-image.org/docs/dev/user_guide/data_types.html
Notes
Modes ‘reflect’ and ‘symmetric’ are similar, but differ in whether the edge pixels are duplicated during the reflection. As an example, if an array has values [0, 1, 2] and was padded to the right by four values using symmetric, the result would be [0, 1, 2, 2, 1, 0, 0], while for reflect it would be [0, 1, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2].
Examples
>>> from skimage import data >>> from skimage.transform import rotate >>> image = data.camera() >>> rotate(image, 2).shape (512, 512) >>> rotate(image, 2, resize=True).shape (530, 530) >>> rotate(image, 90, resize=True).shape (512, 512)
rescale¶
-
skimage.transform.
rescale
(image, scale, order=1, mode='reflect', cval=0, clip=True, preserve_range=False, multichannel=False, anti_aliasing=True, anti_aliasing_sigma=None)[source]¶ Scale image by a certain factor.
Performs interpolation to up-scale or down-scale N-dimensional images. Note that anti-aliasing should be enabled when down-sizing images to avoid aliasing artifacts. For down-sampling with an integer factor also see
skimage.transform.downscale_local_mean
.- Parameters
image : ndarray
Input image.
scale : {float, tuple of floats}
Scale factors. Separate scale factors can be defined as (rows, cols[, …][, dim]).
- Returns
scaled : ndarray
Scaled version of the input.
- Other Parameters
order : int, optional
The order of the spline interpolation, default is 1. The order has to be in the range 0-5. See
skimage.transform.warp
for detail.mode : {‘constant’, ‘edge’, ‘symmetric’, ‘reflect’, ‘wrap’}, optional
Points outside the boundaries of the input are filled according to the given mode. Modes match the behaviour of
numpy.pad
.cval : float, optional
Used in conjunction with mode ‘constant’, the value outside the image boundaries.
clip : bool, optional
Whether to clip the output to the range of values of the input image. This is enabled by default, since higher order interpolation may produce values outside the given input range.
preserve_range : bool, optional
Whether to keep the original range of values. Otherwise, the input image is converted according to the conventions of img_as_float. Also see https://scikit-image.org/docs/dev/user_guide/data_types.html
multichannel : bool, optional
Whether the last axis of the image is to be interpreted as multiple channels or another spatial dimension.
anti_aliasing : bool, optional
Whether to apply a Gaussian filter to smooth the image prior to down-scaling. It is crucial to filter when down-sampling the image to avoid aliasing artifacts.
anti_aliasing_sigma : {float, tuple of floats}, optional
Standard deviation for Gaussian filtering to avoid aliasing artifacts. By default, this value is chosen as (1 - s) / 2 where s is the down-scaling factor.
Notes
Modes ‘reflect’ and ‘symmetric’ are similar, but differ in whether the edge pixels are duplicated during the reflection. As an example, if an array has values [0, 1, 2] and was padded to the right by four values using symmetric, the result would be [0, 1, 2, 2, 1, 0, 0], while for reflect it would be [0, 1, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2].
Examples
>>> from skimage import data >>> from skimage.transform import rescale >>> image = data.camera() >>> rescale(image, 0.1).shape (51, 51) >>> rescale(image, 0.5).shape (256, 256)
Examples using skimage.transform.rescale
¶
downscale_local_mean¶
-
skimage.transform.
downscale_local_mean
(image, factors, cval=0, clip=True)[source]¶ Down-sample N-dimensional image by local averaging.
The image is padded with cval if it is not perfectly divisible by the integer factors.
In contrast to interpolation in
skimage.transform.resize
andskimage.transform.rescale
this function calculates the local mean of elements in each block of size factors in the input image.- Parameters
image : ndarray
N-dimensional input image.
factors : array_like
Array containing down-sampling integer factor along each axis.
cval : float, optional
Constant padding value if image is not perfectly divisible by the integer factors.
clip : bool, optional
Unused, but kept here for API consistency with the other transforms in this module. (The local mean will never fall outside the range of values in the input image, assuming the provided cval also falls within that range.)
- Returns
image : ndarray
Down-sampled image with same number of dimensions as input image. For integer inputs, the output dtype will be
float64
. Seenumpy.mean()
for details.
Examples
>>> a = np.arange(15).reshape(3, 5) >>> a array([[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4], [ 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], [10, 11, 12, 13, 14]]) >>> downscale_local_mean(a, (2, 3)) array([[ 3.5, 4. ], [ 5.5, 4.5]])
Examples using skimage.transform.downscale_local_mean
¶
pyramid_reduce¶
-
skimage.transform.
pyramid_reduce
(image, downscale=2, sigma=None, order=1, mode='reflect', cval=0, multichannel=False)[source]¶ Smooth and then downsample image.
- Parameters
image : ndarray
Input image.
downscale : float, optional
Downscale factor.
sigma : float, optional
Sigma for Gaussian filter. Default is 2 * downscale / 6.0 which corresponds to a filter mask twice the size of the scale factor that covers more than 99% of the Gaussian distribution.
order : int, optional
Order of splines used in interpolation of downsampling. See
skimage.transform.warp
for detail.mode : {‘reflect’, ‘constant’, ‘edge’, ‘symmetric’, ‘wrap’}, optional
The mode parameter determines how the array borders are handled, where cval is the value when mode is equal to ‘constant’.
cval : float, optional
Value to fill past edges of input if mode is ‘constant’.
multichannel : bool, optional
Whether the last axis of the image is to be interpreted as multiple channels or another spatial dimension.
- Returns
out : array
Smoothed and downsampled float image.
References
pyramid_expand¶
-
skimage.transform.
pyramid_expand
(image, upscale=2, sigma=None, order=1, mode='reflect', cval=0, multichannel=False)[source]¶ Upsample and then smooth image.
- Parameters
image : ndarray
Input image.
upscale : float, optional
Upscale factor.
sigma : float, optional
Sigma for Gaussian filter. Default is 2 * upscale / 6.0 which corresponds to a filter mask twice the size of the scale factor that covers more than 99% of the Gaussian distribution.
order : int, optional
Order of splines used in interpolation of upsampling. See
skimage.transform.warp
for detail.mode : {‘reflect’, ‘constant’, ‘edge’, ‘symmetric’, ‘wrap’}, optional
The mode parameter determines how the array borders are handled, where cval is the value when mode is equal to ‘constant’.
cval : float, optional
Value to fill past edges of input if mode is ‘constant’.
multichannel : bool, optional
Whether the last axis of the image is to be interpreted as multiple channels or another spatial dimension.
- Returns
out : array
Upsampled and smoothed float image.
References
pyramid_gaussian¶
-
skimage.transform.
pyramid_gaussian
(image, max_layer=-1, downscale=2, sigma=None, order=1, mode='reflect', cval=0, multichannel=False)[source]¶ Yield images of the Gaussian pyramid formed by the input image.
Recursively applies the
pyramid_reduce
function to the image, and yields the downscaled images.Note that the first image of the pyramid will be the original, unscaled image. The total number of images is max_layer + 1. In case all layers are computed, the last image is either a one-pixel image or the image where the reduction does not change its shape.
- Parameters
image : ndarray
Input image.
max_layer : int, optional
Number of layers for the pyramid. 0th layer is the original image. Default is -1 which builds all possible layers.
downscale : float, optional
Downscale factor.
sigma : float, optional
Sigma for Gaussian filter. Default is 2 * downscale / 6.0 which corresponds to a filter mask twice the size of the scale factor that covers more than 99% of the Gaussian distribution.
order : int, optional
Order of splines used in interpolation of downsampling. See
skimage.transform.warp
for detail.mode : {‘reflect’, ‘constant’, ‘edge’, ‘symmetric’, ‘wrap’}, optional
The mode parameter determines how the array borders are handled, where cval is the value when mode is equal to ‘constant’.
cval : float, optional
Value to fill past edges of input if mode is ‘constant’.
multichannel : bool, optional
Whether the last axis of the image is to be interpreted as multiple channels or another spatial dimension.
- Returns
pyramid : generator
Generator yielding pyramid layers as float images.
References
Examples using skimage.transform.pyramid_gaussian
¶
pyramid_laplacian¶
-
skimage.transform.
pyramid_laplacian
(image, max_layer=-1, downscale=2, sigma=None, order=1, mode='reflect', cval=0, multichannel=False)[source]¶ Yield images of the laplacian pyramid formed by the input image.
Each layer contains the difference between the downsampled and the downsampled, smoothed image:
layer = resize(prev_layer) - smooth(resize(prev_layer))
Note that the first image of the pyramid will be the difference between the original, unscaled image and its smoothed version. The total number of images is max_layer + 1. In case all layers are computed, the last image is either a one-pixel image or the image where the reduction does not change its shape.
- Parameters
image : ndarray
Input image.
max_layer : int, optional
Number of layers for the pyramid. 0th layer is the original image. Default is -1 which builds all possible layers.
downscale : float, optional
Downscale factor.
sigma : float, optional
Sigma for Gaussian filter. Default is 2 * downscale / 6.0 which corresponds to a filter mask twice the size of the scale factor that covers more than 99% of the Gaussian distribution.
order : int, optional
Order of splines used in interpolation of downsampling. See
skimage.transform.warp
for detail.mode : {‘reflect’, ‘constant’, ‘edge’, ‘symmetric’, ‘wrap’}, optional
The mode parameter determines how the array borders are handled, where cval is the value when mode is equal to ‘constant’.
cval : float, optional
Value to fill past edges of input if mode is ‘constant’.
multichannel : bool, optional
Whether the last axis of the image is to be interpreted as multiple channels or another spatial dimension.
- Returns
pyramid : generator
Generator yielding pyramid layers as float images.
References
EuclideanTransform
¶
-
class
skimage.transform.
EuclideanTransform
(matrix=None, rotation=None, translation=None)[source]¶ Bases:
skimage.transform._geometric.ProjectiveTransform
2D Euclidean transformation.
Has the following form:
X = a0 * x - b0 * y + a1 = = x * cos(rotation) - y * sin(rotation) + a1 Y = b0 * x + a0 * y + b1 = = x * sin(rotation) + y * cos(rotation) + b1
where the homogeneous transformation matrix is:
[[a0 b0 a1] [b0 a0 b1] [0 0 1]]
The Euclidean transformation is a rigid transformation with rotation and translation parameters. The similarity transformation extends the Euclidean transformation with a single scaling factor.
- Parameters
matrix : (3, 3) array, optional
Homogeneous transformation matrix.
rotation : float, optional
Rotation angle in counter-clockwise direction as radians.
translation : (tx, ty) as array, list or tuple, optional
x, y translation parameters.
Attributes
params
((3, 3) array) Homogeneous transformation matrix.
-
__init__
(matrix=None, rotation=None, translation=None)[source]¶ Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
-
estimate
(src, dst)[source]¶ Estimate the transformation from a set of corresponding points.
You can determine the over-, well- and under-determined parameters with the total least-squares method.
Number of source and destination coordinates must match.
- Parameters
src : (N, 2) array
Source coordinates.
dst : (N, 2) array
Destination coordinates.
- Returns
success : bool
True, if model estimation succeeds.
-
property
rotation
¶
-
property
translation
¶
SimilarityTransform
¶
-
class
skimage.transform.
SimilarityTransform
(matrix=None, scale=None, rotation=None, translation=None)[source]¶ Bases:
skimage.transform._geometric.EuclideanTransform
2D similarity transformation.
Has the following form:
X = a0 * x - b0 * y + a1 = = s * x * cos(rotation) - s * y * sin(rotation) + a1 Y = b0 * x + a0 * y + b1 = = s * x * sin(rotation) + s * y * cos(rotation) + b1
where
s
is a scale factor and the homogeneous transformation matrix is:[[a0 b0 a1] [b0 a0 b1] [0 0 1]]
The similarity transformation extends the Euclidean transformation with a single scaling factor in addition to the rotation and translation parameters.
- Parameters
matrix : (3, 3) array, optional
Homogeneous transformation matrix.
scale : float, optional
Scale factor.
rotation : float, optional
Rotation angle in counter-clockwise direction as radians.
translation : (tx, ty) as array, list or tuple, optional
x, y translation parameters.
Attributes
params
((3, 3) array) Homogeneous transformation matrix.
-
__init__
(matrix=None, scale=None, rotation=None, translation=None)[source]¶ Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
-
estimate
(src, dst)[source]¶ Estimate the transformation from a set of corresponding points.
You can determine the over-, well- and under-determined parameters with the total least-squares method.
Number of source and destination coordinates must match.
- Parameters
src : (N, 2) array
Source coordinates.
dst : (N, 2) array
Destination coordinates.
- Returns
success : bool
True, if model estimation succeeds.
-
property
scale
¶
AffineTransform
¶
-
class
skimage.transform.
AffineTransform
(matrix=None, scale=None, rotation=None, shear=None, translation=None)[source]¶ Bases:
skimage.transform._geometric.ProjectiveTransform
2D affine transformation.
Has the following form:
X = a0*x + a1*y + a2 = = sx*x*cos(rotation) - sy*y*sin(rotation + shear) + a2 Y = b0*x + b1*y + b2 = = sx*x*sin(rotation) + sy*y*cos(rotation + shear) + b2
where
sx
andsy
are scale factors in the x and y directions, and the homogeneous transformation matrix is:[[a0 a1 a2] [b0 b1 b2] [0 0 1]]
- Parameters
matrix : (3, 3) array, optional
Homogeneous transformation matrix.
scale : (sx, sy) as array, list or tuple, optional
Scale factors.
rotation : float, optional
Rotation angle in counter-clockwise direction as radians.
shear : float, optional
Shear angle in counter-clockwise direction as radians.
translation : (tx, ty) as array, list or tuple, optional
Translation parameters.
Attributes
params
((3, 3) array) Homogeneous transformation matrix.
-
__init__
(matrix=None, scale=None, rotation=None, shear=None, translation=None)[source]¶ Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
-
property
rotation
¶
-
property
scale
¶
-
property
shear
¶
-
property
translation
¶
ProjectiveTransform
¶
-
class
skimage.transform.
ProjectiveTransform
(matrix=None)[source]¶ Bases:
skimage.transform._geometric.GeometricTransform
Projective transformation.
Apply a projective transformation (homography) on coordinates.
For each homogeneous coordinate \(\mathbf{x} = [x, y, 1]^T\), its target position is calculated by multiplying with the given matrix, \(H\), to give \(H \mathbf{x}\):
[[a0 a1 a2] [b0 b1 b2] [c0 c1 1 ]].
E.g., to rotate by theta degrees clockwise, the matrix should be:
[[cos(theta) -sin(theta) 0] [sin(theta) cos(theta) 0] [0 0 1]]
or, to translate x by 10 and y by 20:
[[1 0 10] [0 1 20] [0 0 1 ]].
- Parameters
matrix : (3, 3) array, optional
Homogeneous transformation matrix.
Attributes
params
((3, 3) array) Homogeneous transformation matrix.
-
estimate
(src, dst)[source]¶ Estimate the transformation from a set of corresponding points.
You can determine the over-, well- and under-determined parameters with the total least-squares method.
Number of source and destination coordinates must match.
The transformation is defined as:
X = (a0*x + a1*y + a2) / (c0*x + c1*y + 1) Y = (b0*x + b1*y + b2) / (c0*x + c1*y + 1)
These equations can be transformed to the following form:
0 = a0*x + a1*y + a2 - c0*x*X - c1*y*X - X 0 = b0*x + b1*y + b2 - c0*x*Y - c1*y*Y - Y
which exist for each set of corresponding points, so we have a set of N * 2 equations. The coefficients appear linearly so we can write A x = 0, where:
A = [[x y 1 0 0 0 -x*X -y*X -X] [0 0 0 x y 1 -x*Y -y*Y -Y] ... ... ] x.T = [a0 a1 a2 b0 b1 b2 c0 c1 c3]
In case of total least-squares the solution of this homogeneous system of equations is the right singular vector of A which corresponds to the smallest singular value normed by the coefficient c3.
In case of the affine transformation the coefficients c0 and c1 are 0. Thus the system of equations is:
A = [[x y 1 0 0 0 -X] [0 0 0 x y 1 -Y] ... ... ] x.T = [a0 a1 a2 b0 b1 b2 c3]
- Parameters
src : (N, 2) array
Source coordinates.
dst : (N, 2) array
Destination coordinates.
- Returns
success : bool
True, if model estimation succeeds.
EssentialMatrixTransform
¶
-
class
skimage.transform.
EssentialMatrixTransform
(rotation=None, translation=None, matrix=None)[source]¶ Bases:
skimage.transform._geometric.FundamentalMatrixTransform
Essential matrix transformation.
The essential matrix relates corresponding points between a pair of calibrated images. The matrix transforms normalized, homogeneous image points in one image to epipolar lines in the other image.
The essential matrix is only defined for a pair of moving images capturing a non-planar scene. In the case of pure rotation or planar scenes, the homography describes the geometric relation between two images (
ProjectiveTransform
). If the intrinsic calibration of the images is unknown, the fundamental matrix describes the projective relation between the two images (FundamentalMatrixTransform
).- Parameters
rotation : (3, 3) array, optional
Rotation matrix of the relative camera motion.
translation : (3, 1) array, optional
Translation vector of the relative camera motion. The vector must have unit length.
matrix : (3, 3) array, optional
Essential matrix.
References
- R608
Hartley, Richard, and Andrew Zisserman. Multiple view geometry in computer vision. Cambridge university press, 2003.
Attributes
params
((3, 3) array) Essential matrix.
-
__init__
(rotation=None, translation=None, matrix=None)[source]¶ Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
-
estimate
(src, dst)[source]¶ Estimate essential matrix using 8-point algorithm.
The 8-point algorithm requires at least 8 corresponding point pairs for a well-conditioned solution, otherwise the over-determined solution is estimated.
- Parameters
src : (N, 2) array
Source coordinates.
dst : (N, 2) array
Destination coordinates.
- Returns
success : bool
True, if model estimation succeeds.
FundamentalMatrixTransform
¶
-
class
skimage.transform.
FundamentalMatrixTransform
(matrix=None)[source]¶ Bases:
skimage.transform._geometric.GeometricTransform
Fundamental matrix transformation.
The fundamental matrix relates corresponding points between a pair of uncalibrated images. The matrix transforms homogeneous image points in one image to epipolar lines in the other image.
The fundamental matrix is only defined for a pair of moving images. In the case of pure rotation or planar scenes, the homography describes the geometric relation between two images (
ProjectiveTransform
). If the intrinsic calibration of the images is known, the essential matrix describes the metric relation between the two images (EssentialMatrixTransform
).- Parameters
matrix : (3, 3) array, optional
Fundamental matrix.
References
- R609
Hartley, Richard, and Andrew Zisserman. Multiple view geometry in computer vision. Cambridge university press, 2003.
Attributes
params
((3, 3) array) Fundamental matrix.
-
estimate
(src, dst)[source]¶ Estimate fundamental matrix using 8-point algorithm.
The 8-point algorithm requires at least 8 corresponding point pairs for a well-conditioned solution, otherwise the over-determined solution is estimated.
- Parameters
src : (N, 2) array
Source coordinates.
dst : (N, 2) array
Destination coordinates.
- Returns
success : bool
True, if model estimation succeeds.
PolynomialTransform
¶
-
class
skimage.transform.
PolynomialTransform
(params=None)[source]¶ Bases:
skimage.transform._geometric.GeometricTransform
2D polynomial transformation.
Has the following form:
X = sum[j=0:order]( sum[i=0:j]( a_ji * x**(j - i) * y**i )) Y = sum[j=0:order]( sum[i=0:j]( b_ji * x**(j - i) * y**i ))
- Parameters
params : (2, N) array, optional
Polynomial coefficients where N * 2 = (order + 1) * (order + 2). So, a_ji is defined in params[0, :] and b_ji in params[1, :].
Attributes
params
((2, N) array) Polynomial coefficients where N * 2 = (order + 1) * (order + 2). So, a_ji is defined in params[0, :] and b_ji in params[1, :].
-
estimate
(src, dst, order=2)[source]¶ Estimate the transformation from a set of corresponding points.
You can determine the over-, well- and under-determined parameters with the total least-squares method.
Number of source and destination coordinates must match.
The transformation is defined as:
X = sum[j=0:order]( sum[i=0:j]( a_ji * x**(j - i) * y**i )) Y = sum[j=0:order]( sum[i=0:j]( b_ji * x**(j - i) * y**i ))
These equations can be transformed to the following form:
0 = sum[j=0:order]( sum[i=0:j]( a_ji * x**(j - i) * y**i )) - X 0 = sum[j=0:order]( sum[i=0:j]( b_ji * x**(j - i) * y**i )) - Y
which exist for each set of corresponding points, so we have a set of N * 2 equations. The coefficients appear linearly so we can write A x = 0, where:
A = [[1 x y x**2 x*y y**2 ... 0 ... 0 -X] [0 ... 0 1 x y x**2 x*y y**2 -Y] ... ... ] x.T = [a00 a10 a11 a20 a21 a22 ... ann b00 b10 b11 b20 b21 b22 ... bnn c3]
In case of total least-squares the solution of this homogeneous system of equations is the right singular vector of A which corresponds to the smallest singular value normed by the coefficient c3.
- Parameters
src : (N, 2) array
Source coordinates.
dst : (N, 2) array
Destination coordinates.
order : int, optional
Polynomial order (number of coefficients is order + 1).
- Returns
success : bool
True, if model estimation succeeds.
PiecewiseAffineTransform
¶
-
class
skimage.transform.
PiecewiseAffineTransform
[source]¶ Bases:
skimage.transform._geometric.GeometricTransform
2D piecewise affine transformation.
Control points are used to define the mapping. The transform is based on a Delaunay triangulation of the points to form a mesh. Each triangle is used to find a local affine transform.
Attributes
affines
(list of AffineTransform objects) Affine transformations for each triangle in the mesh.
inverse_affines
(list of AffineTransform objects) Inverse affine transformations for each triangle in the mesh.
-
estimate
(src, dst)[source]¶ Estimate the transformation from a set of corresponding points.
Number of source and destination coordinates must match.
- Parameters
src : (N, 2) array
Source coordinates.
dst : (N, 2) array
Destination coordinates.
- Returns
success : bool
True, if model estimation succeeds.
-