Source code for ase.neb

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import pickle
import sys
import threading
from math import sqrt

import numpy as np

import ase.parallel as mpi
from ase.build import minimize_rotation_and_translation
from ase.calculators.calculator import Calculator
from ase.calculators.singlepoint import SinglePointCalculator
from ase.io import read
from ase.optimize import MDMin
from ase.geometry import find_mic
from ase.utils import basestring


[docs]class NEB: def __init__(self, images, k=0.1, fmax=0.05, climb=False, parallel=False, remove_rotation_and_translation=False, world=None, method='aseneb', dynamic_relaxation=False, scale_fmax=0.): """Nudged elastic band. Paper I: G. Henkelman and H. Jonsson, Chem. Phys, 113, 9978 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1323224 Paper II: G. Henkelman, B. P. Uberuaga, and H. Jonsson, Chem. Phys, 113, 9901 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1329672 Paper III: E. L. Kolsbjerg, M. N. Groves, and B. Hammer, J. Chem. Phys, 145, 094107 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4961868 images: list of Atoms objects Images defining path from initial to final state. k: float or list of floats Spring constant(s) in eV/Ang. One number or one for each spring. climb: bool Use a climbing image (default is no climbing image). parallel: bool Distribute images over processors. remove_rotation_and_translation: bool TRUE actives NEB-TR for removing translation and rotation during NEB. By default applied non-periodic systems dynamic_relaxation: bool TRUE calculates the norm of the forces acting on each image in the band. An image is optimized only if its norm is above the convergence criterion. The list fmax_images is updated every force call; if a previously converged image goes out of tolerance (due to spring adjustments between the image and its neighbors), it will be optimized again. This routine can speed up calculations if convergence is non-uniform. Convergence criterion should be the same as that given to the optimizer. Not efficient when parallelizing over images. scale_fmax: float Scale convergence criteria along band based on the distance between a state and the state with the highest potential energy. method: string of method Choice betweeen three method: * aseneb: standard ase NEB implementation * improvedtangent: Paper I NEB implementation * eb: Paper III full spring force implementation """ self.images = images self.climb = climb self.parallel = parallel self.natoms = len(images[0]) pbc = images[0].pbc atomic_numbers = images[0].get_atomic_numbers() for img in images: if len(img) != self.natoms: raise ValueError('Images have different numbers of atoms') if (pbc != img.pbc).any(): raise ValueError('Images have different boundary conditions') if (atomic_numbers != img.get_atomic_numbers()).any(): raise ValueError('Images have atoms in different orders') self.nimages = len(images) self.emax = np.nan self.remove_rotation_and_translation = remove_rotation_and_translation self.dynamic_relaxation = dynamic_relaxation self.fmax = fmax self.scale_fmax = scale_fmax if not self.dynamic_relaxation and self.scale_fmax: msg = ('Scaled convergence criteria only implemented in series ' 'with dynamic_relaxation.') raise ValueError(msg) if method in ['aseneb', 'eb', 'improvedtangent']: self.method = method else: raise NotImplementedError(method) if isinstance(k, (float, int)): k = [k] * (self.nimages - 1) self.k = list(k) if world is None: world = mpi.world self.world = world if parallel: assert world.size == 1 or world.size % (self.nimages - 2) == 0 self.real_forces = None # ndarray of shape (nimages, natom, 3) self.energies = None # ndarray of shape (nimages,)
[docs] def interpolate(self, method='linear', mic=False): if self.remove_rotation_and_translation: minimize_rotation_and_translation(self.images[0], self.images[-1]) interpolate(self.images, mic) if method == 'idpp': self.idpp_interpolate(traj=None, log=None, mic=mic)
[docs] def idpp_interpolate(self, traj='idpp.traj', log='idpp.log', fmax=0.1, optimizer=MDMin, mic=False, steps=100): d1 = self.images[0].get_all_distances(mic=mic) d2 = self.images[-1].get_all_distances(mic=mic) d = (d2 - d1) / (self.nimages - 1) old = [] for i, image in enumerate(self.images): old.append(image.calc) image.calc = IDPP(d1 + i * d, mic=mic) opt = optimizer(self, trajectory=traj, logfile=log) # BFGS was originally used by the paper, but testing shows that # MDMin results in nearly the same results in 3-4 orders of magnitude # less time. Known working optimizers = BFGS, MDMin, FIRE, HessLBFGS # Internal testing shows BFGS is only needed in situations where MDMIN # cannot converge easily and tends to be obvious on inspection. # # askhl: 3-4 orders of magnitude difference cannot possibly be # true unless something is actually broken. Should it not be # "3-4 times"? opt.run(fmax=fmax, steps=steps) for image, calc in zip(self.images, old): image.calc = calc
def get_positions(self): positions = np.empty(((self.nimages - 2) * self.natoms, 3)) n1 = 0 for image in self.images[1:-1]: n2 = n1 + self.natoms positions[n1:n2] = image.get_positions() n1 = n2 return positions def set_positions(self, positions): n1 = 0 for i, image in enumerate(self.images[1:-1]): if self.dynamic_relaxation: if self.parallel: msg = ('Dynamic relaxation does not work efficiently ' 'when parallelizing over images. Try AutoNEB ' 'routine for freezing images in parallel.') raise ValueError(msg) else: forces_dyn = self.get_fmax_all(self.images) if forces_dyn[i] < self.fmax: n1 += self.natoms else: n2 = n1 + self.natoms image.set_positions(positions[n1:n2]) n1 = n2 else: n2 = n1 + self.natoms image.set_positions(positions[n1:n2]) n1 = n2 def get_fmax_all(self, images): n = self.natoms f_i = self.get_forces() fmax_images = [] for i in range(self.nimages-2): n1 = n * i n2 = n + n * i fmax_images.append(np.sqrt((f_i[n1:n2]**2).sum(axis=1)).max()) return fmax_images def get_forces(self): """Evaluate and return the forces.""" images = self.images calculators = [image.calc for image in images if image.calc is not None] if len(set(calculators)) != len(calculators): msg = ('One or more NEB images share the same calculator. ' 'Each image must have its own calculator. ' 'You may wish to use the ase.neb.SingleCalculatorNEB ' 'class instead, although using separate calculators ' 'is recommended.') raise ValueError(msg) forces = np.empty(((self.nimages - 2), self.natoms, 3)) energies = np.empty(self.nimages) if self.remove_rotation_and_translation: # Remove translation and rotation between # images before computing forces: for i in range(1, self.nimages): minimize_rotation_and_translation(images[i - 1], images[i]) if self.method != 'aseneb': energies[0] = images[0].get_potential_energy() energies[-1] = images[-1].get_potential_energy() if not self.parallel: # Do all images - one at a time: for i in range(1, self.nimages - 1): energies[i] = images[i].get_potential_energy() forces[i - 1] = images[i].get_forces() elif self.world.size == 1: def run(image, energies, forces): energies[:] = image.get_potential_energy() forces[:] = image.get_forces() threads = [threading.Thread(target=run, args=(images[i], energies[i:i + 1], forces[i - 1:i])) for i in range(1, self.nimages - 1)] for thread in threads: thread.start() for thread in threads: thread.join() else: # Parallelize over images: i = self.world.rank * (self.nimages - 2) // self.world.size + 1 try: energies[i] = images[i].get_potential_energy() forces[i - 1] = images[i].get_forces() except Exception: # Make sure other images also fail: error = self.world.sum(1.0) raise else: error = self.world.sum(0.0) if error: raise RuntimeError('Parallel NEB failed!') for i in range(1, self.nimages - 1): root = (i - 1) * self.world.size // (self.nimages - 2) self.world.broadcast(energies[i:i + 1], root) self.world.broadcast(forces[i - 1], root) # Save for later use in iterimages: self.energies = energies self.real_forces = np.zeros((self.nimages, self.natoms, 3)) self.real_forces[1:-1] = forces self.imax = 1 + np.argsort(energies[1:-1])[-1] self.emax = energies[self.imax] t1 = find_mic(images[1].get_positions() - images[0].get_positions(), images[0].get_cell(), images[0].pbc)[0] if self.method == 'eb': beeline = (images[self.nimages - 1].get_positions() - images[0].get_positions()) beelinelength = np.linalg.norm(beeline) eqlength = beelinelength / (self.nimages - 1) nt1 = np.linalg.norm(t1) for i in range(1, self.nimages - 1): t2 = find_mic(images[i + 1].get_positions() - images[i].get_positions(), images[i].get_cell(), images[i].pbc)[0] nt2 = np.linalg.norm(t2) if self.method == 'eb': # Tangents are bisections of spring-directions # (formula C8 of paper III) tangent = t1 / nt1 + t2 / nt2 # Normalize the tangent vector tangent /= np.linalg.norm(tangent) elif self.method == 'improvedtangent': # Tangents are improved according to formulas 8, 9, 10, # and 11 of paper I. if energies[i + 1] > energies[i] > energies[i - 1]: tangent = t2.copy() elif energies[i + 1] < energies[i] < energies[i - 1]: tangent = t1.copy() else: deltavmax = max(abs(energies[i + 1] - energies[i]), abs(energies[i - 1] - energies[i])) deltavmin = min(abs(energies[i + 1] - energies[i]), abs(energies[i - 1] - energies[i])) if energies[i + 1] > energies[i - 1]: tangent = t2 * deltavmax + t1 * deltavmin else: tangent = t2 * deltavmin + t1 * deltavmax # Normalize the tangent vector tangent /= np.linalg.norm(tangent) else: if i < self.imax: tangent = t2 elif i > self.imax: tangent = t1 else: tangent = t1 + t2 tt = np.vdot(tangent, tangent) f = forces[i - 1] ft = np.vdot(f, tangent) if i == self.imax and self.climb: # imax not affected by the spring forces. The full force # with component along the elestic band converted # (formula 5 of Paper II) if self.method == 'aseneb': f -= 2 * ft / tt * tangent else: f -= 2 * ft * tangent elif self.method == 'eb': f -= ft * tangent # Spring forces # (formula C1, C5, C6 and C7 of Paper III) f1 = -(nt1 - eqlength) * t1 / nt1 * self.k[i - 1] f2 = (nt2 - eqlength) * t2 / nt2 * self.k[i] if self.climb and abs(i - self.imax) == 1: deltavmax = max(abs(energies[i + 1] - energies[i]), abs(energies[i - 1] - energies[i])) deltavmin = min(abs(energies[i + 1] - energies[i]), abs(energies[i - 1] - energies[i])) f += (f1 + f2) * deltavmin / deltavmax else: f += f1 + f2 elif self.method == 'improvedtangent': f -= ft * tangent # Improved parallel spring force (formula 12 of paper I) f += (nt2 * self.k[i] - nt1 * self.k[i - 1]) * tangent else: f -= ft / tt * tangent f -= np.vdot(t1 * self.k[i - 1] - t2 * self.k[i], tangent) / tt * tangent t1 = t2 nt1 = nt2 if self.dynamic_relaxation: n = self.natoms k = i - 1 n1 = n * k n2 = n1 + n force_i = np.sqrt((forces.reshape((-1, 3))[n1:n2]**2.) .sum(axis=1)).max() n1_imax = (self.imax - 1) * n positions = self.get_positions() pos_imax = positions[n1_imax:n1_imax + n] rel_pos = np.sqrt(((positions[n1:n2] - pos_imax)**2).sum()) if force_i < self.fmax * (1 + rel_pos * self.scale_fmax): if k == self.imax - 1: pass else: forces[k, :, :] = np.zeros((1, self.natoms, 3)) return forces.reshape((-1, 3)) def get_potential_energy(self, force_consistent=False): """Return the maximum potential energy along the band. Note that the force_consistent keyword is ignored and is only present for compatibility with ase.Atoms.get_potential_energy.""" return self.emax def __len__(self): # Corresponds to number of optimizable degrees of freedom, i.e. # virtual atom count for the optimization algorithm. return (self.nimages - 2) * self.natoms def iterimages(self): # Allows trajectory to convert NEB into several images if not self.parallel or self.world.size == 1: for atoms in self.images: yield atoms return for i, atoms in enumerate(self.images): if i == 0 or i == self.nimages - 1: yield atoms else: atoms = atoms.copy() atoms.calc = SinglePointCalculator(energy=self.energies[i], forces=self.real_forces[i], atoms=atoms) yield atoms
class IDPP(Calculator): """Image dependent pair potential. See: Improved initial guess for minimum energy path calculations. Søren Smidstrup, Andreas Pedersen, Kurt Stokbro and Hannes Jónsson Chem. Phys. 140, 214106 (2014) """ implemented_properties = ['energy', 'forces'] def __init__(self, target, mic): Calculator.__init__(self) self.target = target self.mic = mic def calculate(self, atoms, properties, system_changes): Calculator.calculate(self, atoms, properties, system_changes) P = atoms.get_positions() d = [] D = [] for p in P: Di = P - p if self.mic: Di, di = find_mic(Di, atoms.get_cell(), atoms.get_pbc()) else: di = np.sqrt((Di**2).sum(1)) d.append(di) D.append(Di) d = np.array(d) D = np.array(D) dd = d - self.target d.ravel()[::len(d) + 1] = 1 # avoid dividing by zero d4 = d**4 e = 0.5 * (dd**2 / d4).sum() f = -2 * ((dd * (1 - 2 * dd / d) / d**5)[..., np.newaxis] * D).sum(0) self.results = {'energy': e, 'forces': f} class SingleCalculatorNEB(NEB): def __init__(self, images, k=0.1, climb=False): if isinstance(images, basestring): # this is a filename images = read(images) NEB.__init__(self, images, k, climb, False) self.calculators = [None] * self.nimages self.energies_ok = False self.first = True def interpolate(self, initial=0, final=-1, mic=False): """Interpolate linearly between initial and final images.""" if final < 0: final = self.nimages + final n = final - initial pos1 = self.images[initial].get_positions() pos2 = self.images[final].get_positions() dist = (pos2 - pos1) if mic: cell = self.images[initial].get_cell() assert((cell == self.images[final].get_cell()).all()) pbc = self.images[initial].get_pbc() assert((pbc == self.images[final].get_pbc()).all()) dist, D_len = find_mic(dist, cell, pbc) dist /= n for i in range(1, n): self.images[initial + i].set_positions(pos1 + i * dist) def refine(self, steps=1, begin=0, end=-1, mic=False): """Refine the NEB trajectory.""" if end < 0: end = self.nimages + end j = begin n = end - begin for i in range(n): for k in range(steps): self.images.insert(j + 1, self.images[j].copy()) self.calculators.insert(j + 1, None) self.k[j:j + 1] = [self.k[j] * (steps + 1)] * (steps + 1) self.nimages = len(self.images) self.interpolate(j, j + steps + 1, mic=mic) j += steps + 1 def set_positions(self, positions): # new positions -> new forces if self.energies_ok: # restore calculators self.set_calculators(self.calculators[1:-1]) NEB.set_positions(self, positions) def get_calculators(self): """Return the original calculators.""" calculators = [] for i, image in enumerate(self.images): if self.calculators[i] is None: calculators.append(image.get_calculator()) else: calculators.append(self.calculators[i]) return calculators def set_calculators(self, calculators): """Set new calculators to the images.""" self.energies_ok = False self.first = True if not isinstance(calculators, list): calculators = [calculators] * self.nimages n = len(calculators) if n == self.nimages: for i in range(self.nimages): self.images[i].set_calculator(calculators[i]) elif n == self.nimages - 2: for i in range(1, self.nimages - 1): self.images[i].set_calculator(calculators[i - 1]) else: raise RuntimeError( 'len(calculators)=%d does not fit to len(images)=%d' % (n, self.nimages)) def get_energies_and_forces(self): """Evaluate energies and forces and hide the calculators""" if self.energies_ok: return self.emax = -1.e32 def calculate_and_hide(i): image = self.images[i] calc = image.get_calculator() if self.calculators[i] is None: self.calculators[i] = calc if calc is not None: if not isinstance(calc, SinglePointCalculator): self.images[i].set_calculator( SinglePointCalculator( image, energy=image.get_potential_energy( apply_constraint=False), forces=image.get_forces(apply_constraint=False))) self.emax = min(self.emax, image.get_potential_energy()) if self.first: calculate_and_hide(0) # Do all images - one at a time: for i in range(1, self.nimages - 1): calculate_and_hide(i) if self.first: calculate_and_hide(-1) self.first = False self.energies_ok = True def get_forces(self): self.get_energies_and_forces() return NEB.get_forces(self) def n(self): return self.nimages def write(self, filename): from ase.io.trajectory import Trajectory traj = Trajectory(filename, 'w', self) traj.write() traj.close() def __add__(self, other): for image in other: self.images.append(image) return self def fit0(E, F, R, cell=None, pbc=None): """Constructs curve parameters from the NEB images.""" E = np.array(E) - E[0] n = len(E) Efit = np.empty((n - 1) * 20 + 1) Sfit = np.empty((n - 1) * 20 + 1) s = [0] dR = np.zeros_like(R) for i in range(n): if i < n - 1: dR[i] = R[i + 1] - R[i] if cell is not None and pbc is not None: dR[i], _ = find_mic(dR[i], cell, pbc) s.append(s[i] + sqrt((dR[i]**2).sum())) else: dR[i] = R[i] - R[i - 1] if cell is not None and pbc is not None: dR[i], _ = find_mic(dR[i], cell, pbc) lines = [] dEds0 = None for i in range(n): d = dR[i] if i == 0: ds = 0.5 * s[1] elif i == n - 1: ds = 0.5 * (s[-1] - s[-2]) else: ds = 0.25 * (s[i + 1] - s[i - 1]) d = d / sqrt((d**2).sum()) dEds = -(F[i] * d).sum() x = np.linspace(s[i] - ds, s[i] + ds, 3) y = E[i] + dEds * (x - s[i]) lines.append((x, y)) if i > 0: s0 = s[i - 1] s1 = s[i] x = np.linspace(s0, s1, 20, endpoint=False) c = np.linalg.solve(np.array([(1, s0, s0**2, s0**3), (1, s1, s1**2, s1**3), (0, 1, 2 * s0, 3 * s0**2), (0, 1, 2 * s1, 3 * s1**2)]), np.array([E[i - 1], E[i], dEds0, dEds])) y = c[0] + x * (c[1] + x * (c[2] + x * c[3])) Sfit[(i - 1) * 20:i * 20] = x Efit[(i - 1) * 20:i * 20] = y dEds0 = dEds Sfit[-1] = s[-1] Efit[-1] = E[-1] return s, E, Sfit, Efit, lines
[docs]class NEBTools: """Class to make many of the common tools for NEB analysis available to the user. Useful for scripting the output of many jobs. Initialize with list of images which make up a single band.""" def __init__(self, images): self._images = images
[docs] def get_barrier(self, fit=True, raw=False): """Returns the barrier estimate from the NEB, along with the Delta E of the elementary reaction. If fit=True, the barrier is estimated based on the interpolated fit to the images; if fit=False, the barrier is taken as the maximum-energy image without interpolation. Set raw=True to get the raw energy of the transition state instead of the forward barrier.""" s, E, Sfit, Efit, lines = self.get_fit() dE = E[-1] - E[0] if fit: barrier = max(Efit) else: barrier = max(E) if raw: barrier += self._images[0].get_potential_energy() return barrier, dE
[docs] def plot_band(self, ax=None): """Plots the NEB band on matplotlib axes object 'ax'. If ax=None returns a new figure object.""" ax = plot_band_from_fit(*self.get_fit(), ax=ax) return ax.figure
[docs] def get_fmax(self, **kwargs): """Returns fmax, as used by optimizers with NEB.""" neb = NEB(self._images, **kwargs) forces = neb.get_forces() return np.sqrt((forces**2).sum(axis=1).max())
[docs] def get_fit(self): """Returns the parameters for fitting images to band.""" images = self._images R = [atoms.positions for atoms in images] E = [atoms.get_potential_energy() for atoms in images] F = [atoms.get_forces() for atoms in images] A = images[0].cell pbc = images[0].pbc s, E, Sfit, Efit, lines = fit0(E, F, R, A, pbc) return s, E, Sfit, Efit, lines
def plot_band_from_fit(s, E, Sfit, Efit, lines, ax=None): if ax is None: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt ax = plt.gca() ax.plot(s, E, 'o') for x, y in lines: ax.plot(x, y, '-g') ax.plot(Sfit, Efit, 'k-') ax.set_xlabel(r'path [$\AA$]') ax.set_ylabel('energy [eV]') Ef = max(Efit) - E[0] Er = max(Efit) - E[-1] dE = E[-1] - E[0] ax.set_title('$E_\\mathrm{f} \\approx$ %.3f eV; ' '$E_\\mathrm{r} \\approx$ %.3f eV; ' '$\\Delta E$ = %.3f eV' % (Ef, Er, dE)) return ax NEBtools = NEBTools # backwards compatibility def interpolate(images, mic=False): """Given a list of images, linearly interpolate the positions of the interior images.""" pos1 = images[0].get_positions() pos2 = images[-1].get_positions() d = pos2 - pos1 if mic: d = find_mic(d, images[0].get_cell(), images[0].pbc)[0] d /= (len(images) - 1.0) for i in range(1, len(images) - 1): images[i].set_positions(pos1 + i * d) if __name__ == '__main__': # This stuff is used by ASE's GUI import matplotlib.pyplot as plt fit = pickle.load(sys.stdin) plot_band_from_fit(*fit) plt.show()