- 2.2.1: History of the C++ Annotations
- 2.2.2: Compiling a C program using a C++ compiler
- 2.2.3: Compiling a C++ program
- 2.2.3.1: C++ under MS-Windows
- 2.2.3.2: Compiling a C++ source text
- 2.5.1: The function `main'
- 2.5.2: End-of-line comment
- 2.5.3: Strict type checking
- 2.5.4: Function Overloading
- 2.5.5: Default function arguments
- 2.5.6: NULL-pointers vs. 0-pointers and nullptr
- 2.5.7: The `void' parameter list
- 2.5.8: The `#define __cplusplus'
- 2.5.9: Using standard C functions
- 2.5.10: Header files for both C and C++
- 2.5.11: Defining local variables
- 2.5.12: The keyword `typedef'
- 2.5.13: Functions as part of a struct
- 2.5.14: Evaluation order of operands
- 3.1.1: Using the keyword `const'
- 3.1.2: Namespaces
- 3.1.3: The scope resolution operator ::
- 3.1.4: `cout', `cin', and `cerr'
- 3.2.1: Data hiding: public, private and class
- 3.2.2: Structs in C vs. structs in C++
- 3.3.1: References
- 3.3.2: Rvalue References
- 3.3.3: Lvalues, rvalues and more
- 3.3.4: Strongly typed enumerations
- 3.3.5: Initializer lists
- 3.3.5.1: Designated initialization
- 3.3.6: Initializers for bit-fields
- 3.3.7: Type inference using `auto'
- 3.3.7.1: Structured binding declarations
- 3.3.8: Defining types and `using' declarations
- 3.3.9: Range-based for-loops
- 3.3.10: Raw String Literals
- 3.3.11: Binary constants
- 3.3.12: Selection statements with initializers
- 3.3.13: Attributes
- 3.3.14: Three-way comparison (<=>)
- 3.4.1: The data type `bool'
- 3.4.2: The data type `wchar_t'
- 3.4.3: Unicode encoding
- 3.4.4: The data type `long long int'
- 3.4.5: The data type `size_t'
- 3.4.6: std::byte
- 3.4.7: Digit separators
- 3.5.1: The `static_cast'-operator
- 3.5.2: The `const_cast'-operator
- 3.5.3: The `reinterpret_cast'-operator
- 3.5.4: The `dynamic_cast'-operator
- 3.5.5: Casting 'shared_ptr' objects
- 4.1.1: Defining namespaces
- 4.1.1.1: Declaring entities in namespaces
- 4.1.1.2: A closed namespace
- 4.1.2: Referring to entities
- 4.1.2.1: The `using' directive
- 4.1.2.2: `Koenig lookup'
- 4.1.3: The standard namespace
- 4.1.4: Nesting namespaces and namespace aliasing
- 4.1.4.1: Defining entities outside of their namespaces
- 4.2.1: Time resolutions: std::ratio
- 4.2.2: Amounts of time: std::chrono::duration
- 4.2.3: Clocks measuring time
- 4.2.4: Points in time: std::chrono::time_point
- 4.3.1: the '__file_clock' type
- 4.3.2: The class 'error_code'
- 4.3.3: Names of file system entries: path
- 4.3.3.1: Path modifiers
- 4.3.3.2: Path operators and free functions
- 4.3.4: Handling directories: directory_entry
- 4.3.4.1: Visiting directory entries: (recursive_)directory_iterator
- 4.3.5: Types (file_type) and permissions (perms) of file system elements: file_status
- 4.3.5.1: Obtaining the status of file system entries
- 4.3.6: Information about the space of file systems: space_info
- 4.3.7: File system exceptions: filesystem_error
- 5.2.1: Initializers
- 5.2.2: Iterators
- 5.2.3: Operators
- 5.2.4: Member functions
- 5.2.5: Conversion functions
- 6.3.1: Condition states
- 6.3.2: Formatting output and input
- 6.3.2.1: Format modifying member functions
- 6.3.2.2: Formatting flags
- 6.4.1: Basic output: the class `ostream'
- 6.4.1.1: Writing to `ostream' objects
- 6.4.1.2: `ostream' positioning
- 6.4.1.3: `ostream' flushing
- 6.4.2: Output to files: the class `ofstream'
- 6.4.2.1: Modes for opening stream objects
- 6.4.3: Output to memory: the class `ostringstream'
- 6.4.4: The `put_time' manipulator
- 6.5.1: Basic input: the class `istream'
- 6.5.1.1: Reading from `istream' objects
- 6.5.1.2: `istream' positioning
- 6.5.2: Input from files: the class `ifstream'
- 6.5.3: Input from memory: the class `istringstream'
- 6.5.4: Copying streams
- 6.5.5: Coupling streams
- 6.6.1: Moving streams
- 6.6.2: Redirecting streams
- 6.6.3: Reading AND Writing streams
- 7.1.1: A first application
- 7.1.2: Constructors: with and without arguments
- 7.1.2.1: The order of construction
- 7.2.1: Types `Data' vs. `Data()'
- 7.2.2: Superfluous parentheses
- 7.2.3: Existing types
- 7.3.1: Composition and (const) objects: (const) member initializers
- 7.3.2: Composition and reference objects: reference member initializers
- 7.4.1: Delegating constructors
- 7.7.1: Anonymous objects
- 7.7.1.1: Subtleties with anonymous objects
- 7.8.1: Defining members inline
- 7.8.2: When to use inline functions
- 7.8.2.1: A prelude: when NOT to use inline functions
- 7.8.3: Inline variables
- 7.11.1: Using namespaces in header files
- 7.11.2: Modules
- 8.1.1: Private static data
- 8.1.2: Public static data
- 8.1.3: Initializing static const data
- 8.1.4: Generalized constant expressions (constexpr)
- 8.1.4.1: Constant expression data
- 8.2.1: Calling conventions
- 9.1.1: Allocating arrays
- 9.1.2: Deleting arrays
- 9.1.3: Enlarging arrays
- 9.1.4: Managing `raw' memory
- 9.1.5: The `placement new' operator
- 9.2.1: Object pointers revisited
- 9.2.2: The function set_new_handler()
- 9.3.1: Overloading the assignment operator
- 9.3.1.1: The member 'operator=()'
- 9.4.1: Sequential assignments and this
- 9.6.1: Swapping
- 9.6.1.1: Fast swapping
- 9.7.1: The move constructor (dynamic data)
- 9.7.2: The move constructor (composition)
- 9.7.3: Move-assignment
- 9.7.4: Revising the assignment operator (part II)
- 9.7.5: Moving and the destructor
- 9.7.6: Move-only classes
- 9.7.7: Default move constructors and assignment operators
- 9.7.8: Moving: implications for class design
- 9.9.1: Implementing the destructor
- 9.9.2: Embedding an unrestricted union in a surrounding class
- 9.9.3: Swapping unrestricted unions
- 9.9.4: Assignment
- 10.2.1: Anachronisms: `setjmp' and `longjmp'
- 10.2.2: Exceptions: the preferred alternative
- 10.3.1: The empty `throw' statement
- 10.5.1: The default catcher
- 10.8.1: Standard exceptions: to use or not to use?
- 10.9.1: The class `std::error_category'
- 10.9.2: The class `std::error_condition'
- 10.9.3: The class system_error
- 10.10.1: The basic guarantee
- 10.10.2: The strong guarantee
- 10.10.3: The nothrow guarantee
- 11.4.1: Explicit conversion operators
- 11.6.1: Member function reference bindings (& and &&)
- 11.6.2: The three-way comparison operator `<=>'
- 11.9.1: Overloading `new[]'
- 11.9.2: Overloading `delete[]'
- 11.9.3: The `operator delete(void *, size_t)' family
- 11.9.4: `new[]', `delete[]' and exceptions
- 11.10.1: Constructing manipulators
- 11.10.1.1: Manipulators requiring arguments
- 11.11.1: Lambda expressions: syntax
- 11.11.2: Using lambda expressions
- 12.4.1: The `array' container
- 12.4.2: The `vector' container
- 12.4.3: The `list' container
- 12.4.4: The `queue' container
- 12.4.5: The `priority_queue' container
- 12.4.6: The `deque' container
- 12.4.7: The `map' container
- 12.4.7.1: The `map' constructors
- 12.4.7.2: The `map' operators
- 12.4.7.3: The `map' public members
- 12.4.7.4: The `map': a simple example
- 12.4.8: The `multimap' container
- 12.4.9: The `set' container
- 12.4.10: The `multiset' container
- 12.4.11: The `stack' container
- 12.4.12: The `unordered_map' container (`hash table')
- 12.4.12.1: The `unordered_map' constructors
- 12.4.12.2: The `unordered_map' public members
- 12.4.12.3: The `unordered_multimap' container
- 12.4.13: The `unordered_set' container
- 12.4.13.1: The `unordered_multiset' container
- 12.4.14: Heterogeneous lookup
- 13.1.1: Inheritance depth: desirable?
- 13.2.1: Public, protected and private derivation
- 13.2.2: Promoting access rights
- 13.3.1: Move construction
- 13.3.2: Move assignment
- 13.3.3: Inheriting constructors
- 13.3.4: Aggregate Initializations
- 13.7.1: Conversions with object assignments
- 13.7.2: Conversions with pointer assignments
- 14.3.1: Implementing pure virtual functions
- 14.5.1: Ambiguity in multiple inheritance
- 14.5.2: Virtual base classes
- 14.5.3: When virtual derivation is not appropriate
- 14.6.1: The dynamic_cast operator
- 14.6.2: The `typeid' operator
- 14.8.1: Protected `streambuf' members
- 14.8.1.1: Protected members for input operations
- 14.8.1.2: Protected members for output operations
- 14.8.1.3: Protected members for buffer manipulation
- 14.8.1.4: Deriving classes from `streambuf'
- 14.8.2: The class `filebuf'
- 14.8.3: Safely interfacing streams to another std::streambuf
- 17.4.1: Empty enumerations
- 18.1.1: Arithmetic function objects
- 18.1.2: Relational function objects
- 18.1.3: Logical function objects
- 18.1.4: The `std::not_fn' negator
- 18.2.1: std::distance and std::size
- 18.2.2: Insert iterators
- 18.2.3: Iterators for `istream' objects
- 18.2.3.1: Iterators for `istreambuf' objects
- 18.2.4: Iterators for `ostream' objects
- 18.2.4.1: Iterators for `ostreambuf' objects
- 18.3.1: Defining `unique_ptr' objects
- 18.3.2: Creating a plain `unique_ptr'
- 18.3.3: Moving another `unique_ptr'
- 18.3.4: Pointing to a newly allocated object
- 18.3.5: Operators and members
- 18.3.6: Using `unique_ptr' objects for arrays
- 18.4.1: Defining `shared_ptr' objects
- 18.4.2: Creating a plain `shared_ptr'
- 18.4.3: Pointing to a newly allocated object
- 18.4.4: Operators and members
- 18.4.5: Casting shared pointers
- 18.4.6: Using `shared_ptr' objects for arrays
- 18.7.1: The class `weak_equality'
- 18.7.2: The class `strong_equality'
- 18.7.3: The class `partial_ordering'
- 18.7.4: The class `weak_ordering'
- 18.7.5: The class `strong_ordering'
- 18.8.1: The regular expression mini language
- 18.8.1.1: Character classes
- 18.8.2: Defining regular expressions: std::regex
- 18.8.3: Retrieving matches: std::match_results
- 18.8.4: Regular expression matching functions
- 18.8.4.1: The std::regex_constants::match_flag_type flags
- 18.8.4.2: Matching full texts: std::regex_match
- 18.8.4.3: Partially matching text: std::regex_search
- 18.8.4.4: The member std::match:_results::format
- 18.8.4.5: Modifying target strings: std::regex_replace
- 18.9.1: Random Number Generators
- 18.9.2: Statistical distributions
- 18.9.2.1: Bernoulli distribution
- 18.9.2.2: Binomial distribution
- 18.9.2.3: Cauchy distribution
- 18.9.2.4: Chi-squared distribution
- 18.9.2.5: Extreme value distribution
- 18.9.2.6: Exponential distribution
- 18.9.2.7: Fisher F distribution
- 18.9.2.8: Gamma distribution
- 18.9.2.9: Geometric distribution
- 18.9.2.10: Log-normal distribution
- 18.9.2.11: Normal distribution
- 18.9.2.12: Negative binomial distribution
- 18.9.2.13: Poisson distribution
- 18.9.2.14: Student t distribution
- 18.9.2.15: Uniform int distribution
- 18.9.2.16: Uniform real distribution
- 18.9.2.17: Weibull distribution
- 19.1.1: accumulate
- 19.1.2: adjacent_difference
- 19.1.3: adjacent_find
- 19.1.4: binary_search
- 19.1.5: copy
- 19.1.6: copy_backward
- 19.1.7: count
- 19.1.8: count_if
- 19.1.9: equal
- 19.1.10: equal_range
- 19.1.11: exchange
- 19.1.12: fill
- 19.1.13: fill_n
- 19.1.14: find
- 19.1.15: find_end
- 19.1.16: find_first_of
- 19.1.17: find_if
- 19.1.18: for_each
- 19.1.19: generate
- 19.1.20: generate_n
- 19.1.21: includes
- 19.1.22: inner_product
- 19.1.23: inplace_merge
- 19.1.24: iota
- 19.1.25: iter_swap
- 19.1.26: lexicographical_compare
- 19.1.27: lower_bound
- 19.1.28: max
- 19.1.29: max_element
- 19.1.30: merge
- 19.1.31: min
- 19.1.32: min_element
- 19.1.33: mismatch
- 19.1.34: next_permutation
- 19.1.35: nth_element
- 19.1.36: partial_sort
- 19.1.37: partial_sort_copy
- 19.1.38: partial_sum
- 19.1.39: partition
- 19.1.40: prev_permutation
- 19.1.41: remove
- 19.1.42: remove_copy
- 19.1.43: remove_copy_if
- 19.1.44: remove_if
- 19.1.45: replace
- 19.1.46: replace_copy
- 19.1.47: replace_copy_if
- 19.1.48: replace_if
- 19.1.49: reverse
- 19.1.50: reverse_copy
- 19.1.51: rotate
- 19.1.52: rotate_copy
- 19.1.53: search
- 19.1.54: search_n
- 19.1.55: set_difference
- 19.1.56: set_intersection
- 19.1.57: set_symmetric_difference
- 19.1.58: set_union
- 19.1.59: sort
- 19.1.60: stable_partition
- 19.1.61: stable_sort
- 19.1.62: swap
- 19.1.63: swap_ranges
- 19.1.64: transform
- 19.1.65: unique
- 19.1.66: unique_copy
- 19.1.67: upper_bound
- 19.1.68: Heap algorithms
- 19.1.68.1: The `make_heap' function
- 19.1.68.2: The `pop_heap' function
- 19.1.68.3: The `push_heap' function
- 19.1.68.4: The `sort_heap' function
- 19.1.68.5: An example using the heap functions
- 20.1.1: The namespace std::this_thread
- 20.1.2: The class std::thread
- 20.1.2.1: Static data and threads: thread_local
- 20.1.2.2: Exceptions and join()
- 20.1.3: The class std::jthread
- 20.1.3.1: std::stop_callback
- 20.2.1: Initialization in multi-threaded programs
- 20.2.2: Shared mutexes
- 20.3.1: Deadlocks
- 20.3.2: Shared locks
- 20.4.1: The class std::condition_variable
- 20.4.2: The class std::condition_variable_any
- 20.4.3: An example using condition variables
- 20.8.1: The std::future_error exception and the std::future_errc enum
- 20.12.1: Exception propagation: std::exception_ptr
- 21.1.1: Considerations regarding template parameters
- 21.1.2: Auto and decltype
- 21.1.2.1: declval
- 21.1.3: Late-specified return type
- 21.4.1: Lvalue transformations
- 21.4.2: Qualification transformations
- 21.4.3: Transformation to a base class
- 21.4.4: The template parameter deduction algorithm
- 21.4.5: Template type contractions
- 21.5.1: Instantiation declarations
- 21.6.1: Instantiations: no `code bloat'
- 21.8.1: An example using overloaded function templates
- 21.8.2: Ambiguities when overloading function templates
- 21.8.3: Declaring overloaded function templates
- 21.9.1: Avoiding too many specializations
- 21.9.2: Declaring specializations
- 21.9.3: Complications when using the insertion operator
- 21.14.1: Determining the template type parameters
- 22.0.1: Template Argument Deduction
- 22.0.1.1: Simple Definitions
- 22.0.1.2: Explicit Conversions
- 22.1.1: Constructing the circular queue: CirQue
- 22.1.2: Non-type parameters
- 22.1.3: Member templates
- 22.1.4: CirQue's constructors and member functions
- 22.1.5: Using CirQue objects
- 22.1.6: Default class template parameters
- 22.1.7: Declaring class templates
- 22.1.8: Preventing template instantiations
- 22.1.9: Generic lambda expressions
- 22.2.1: Extended use of the keyword `typename'
- 22.3.1: Example of a class specialization
- 22.4.1: Intermezzo: some simple matrix algebraic concepts
- 22.4.2: The Matrix class template
- 22.4.3: The MatrixRow partial specialization
- 22.4.4: The MatrixColumn partial specialization
- 22.4.5: The 1x1 matrix: avoid ambiguity
- 22.5.1: Defining and using variadic templates
- 22.5.2: Perfect forwarding
- 22.5.3: The unpack operator
- 22.5.4: Non-type variadic templates
- 22.5.5: Folding expressions
- 22.6.1: Tuples and structured bindings
- 22.10.1: Non-templates used as friends in templates
- 22.10.2: Templates instantiated for specific types as friends
- 22.10.3: Unbound templates as friends
- 22.10.4: Extended friend declarations
- 22.11.1: Deriving ordinary classes from class templates
- 22.11.2: Deriving class templates from class templates
- 22.11.3: Deriving class templates from ordinary classes
- 22.12.1: An example of static polymorphism
- 22.12.2: Converting dynamic polymorphic classes to static polymorphic classes
- 22.12.3: Using static polymorphism to avoid reimplementations
- 22.14.1: Implementing a `RandomAccessIterator'
- 22.14.2: Implementing a `reverse_iterator'
- 23.1.1: Returning types nested under class templates
- 23.1.2: Type resolution for base class members
- 23.1.3: ::template, .template and ->template
- 23.2.1: Values according to templates
- 23.2.1.1: Converting integral types to types
- 23.2.2: Selecting alternatives using templates
- 23.2.2.1: Defining overloading members
- 23.2.2.2: Class structure as a function of template parameters
- 23.2.2.3: An illustrative example
- 23.2.3: Templates: Iterations by Recursion
- 23.4.1: Policy classes - I
- 23.4.2: Policy classes - II: template template parameters
- 23.4.2.1: The destructor of Policy classes
- 23.4.3: Structure by Policy
- 23.6.1: Distinguishing class from non-class types
- 23.6.2: Available type traits
- 23.7.1: Deriving classes from std::error_category
- 23.9.1: Types to types
- 23.9.2: An empty type
- 23.9.3: Type convertibility
- 23.9.3.1: Determining inheritance
- 23.10.1: The length of a TypeList
- 23.10.2: Searching a TypeList
- 23.10.3: Selecting from a TypeList
- 23.10.4: Prefixing/Appending to a TypeList
- 23.10.5: Erasing from a TypeList
- 23.10.5.1: Erasing the first occurrence
- 23.10.5.2: Erasing a type by its index
- 23.10.5.3: Erasing all occurrences of a type
- 23.10.5.4: Erasing duplicates
- 23.11.1: The Wrap and Multi class templates
- 23.11.2: The MultiBase class template
- 23.11.3: Support templates
- 23.11.4: Using Multi
- 23.12.1: Designing an Expression Template
- 23.12.2: Implementing an Expression Template
- 23.12.3: The BasicType trait class and ordering classes
- 23.13.1: Defining concepts
- 23.13.2: Requirements
- 23.13.2.1: Simple requirements
- 23.13.2.2: Type requirements
- 23.13.2.3: Compound requirements
- 23.13.2.4: Nested requirements
- 23.13.3: Predefined concepts
- 23.13.3.1: Concepts specifying one template type parameter
- 23.13.3.2: Concepts specifying two template type parameters
- 23.13.3.3: Concepts specifying multiple template type parameters
- 23.13.4: Applying concepts to template parameter packs
- 23.13.5: Implementing constrained class members
- 23.13.5.1: Constrained partial specializations
- 23.13.5.2: Function- and class template declarations
- 24.1.1: The coroutine's State class (promise_type)
- 24.1.1.1: What if `suspend_never' is used?
- 24.1.2: Simplifying the state class
- 24.2.1: The `Reader' coroutine handler
- 24.2.2: The `Writer' coroutine handler
- 24.6.1: The `Start' handler class
- 24.6.2: Completing the Finite State Automaton
- 24.7.1: Recursively calling recursiveCoro
- 24.7.2: Beyond a single recursive call
- 24.9.1: The `Dir' class showing directory entries
- 24.9.2: Visiting directories using coroutines
- 24.9.3: Functions vs. coroutines
- 25.1.1: Classes for output operations
- 25.1.2: Classes for input operations
- 25.1.2.1: Using a one-character buffer
- 25.1.2.2: Using an n-character buffer
- 25.1.2.3: Seeking positions in `streambuf' objects
- 25.1.2.4: Multiple `unget' calls in `streambuf' objects
- 25.1.3: Fixed-sized field extraction from istream objects
- 25.1.3.1: Member functions and example
- 25.2.1: A basic Fork class
- 25.2.2: Parents and Children
- 25.2.3: Redirection revisited
- 25.2.4: The `Daemon' program
- 25.2.5: The class `Pipe'
- 25.2.6: The class `ParentSlurp'
- 25.2.7: Communicating with multiple children
- 25.2.7.1: The class `Selector': interface
- 25.2.7.2: The class `Selector': implementation
- 25.2.7.3: The class `Monitor': interface
- 25.2.7.4: The class `Monitor': s_handler
- 25.2.7.5: The class `Monitor': the member `run'
- 25.2.7.6: The class `Monitor': example
- 25.2.7.7: The class `Child'
- 25.3.1: Merely using operators
- 25.3.1.1: To namespace or not to namespace?
- 25.3.2: The CRTP and defining operator function templates
- 25.3.3: Insertion and extraction
- 25.6.1: Using `flexc++' to create a scanner
- 25.6.1.1: The derived class `Scanner'
- 25.6.1.2: The lexical scanner specification file
- 25.6.1.3: Implementing `Scanner'
- 25.6.1.4: Using a `Scanner' object
- 25.6.1.5: Building the program
- 25.6.2: Using `bisonc++' and `flexc++'
- 25.6.2.1: The `bisonc++' specification file
- 25.6.2.2: The `flexc++' specification file
- 25.6.2.3: Building the program