Programmatic usage

If you already have an asyncio event loop, you can create a server using the SMTP class as the protocol factory, and then run the loop forever. If you need to pass arguments to the SMTP constructor, use functools.partial() or write your own wrapper function. You might also want to add a signal handler so that the loop can be stopped, say when you hit control-C.

It’s probably easier to use a controller which runs the SMTP server in a separate thread with a dedicated event loop. The controller provides useful and reliable start and stop semantics so that the foreground thread doesn’t block. Among other use cases, this makes it convenient to spin up an SMTP server for unit tests.

In both cases, you need to pass a handler to the SMTP constructor. Handlers respond to events that you care about during the SMTP dialog.

Using the controller

TCP-based Server

The Controller class creates a TCP-based server, listening on an Internet endpoint (i.e., ip_address:port pair).

Say you want to receive email for example.com and print incoming mail data to the console. Start by implementing a handler as follows:

>>> import asyncio
>>> class ExampleHandler:
...     async def handle_RCPT(self, server, session, envelope, address, rcpt_options):
...         if not address.endswith('@example.com'):
...             return '550 not relaying to that domain'
...         envelope.rcpt_tos.append(address)
...         return '250 OK'
...
...     async def handle_DATA(self, server, session, envelope):
...         print('Message from %s' % envelope.mail_from)
...         print('Message for %s' % envelope.rcpt_tos)
...         print('Message data:\n')
...         for ln in envelope.content.decode('utf8', errors='replace').splitlines():
...             print(f'> {ln}'.strip())
...         print()
...         print('End of message')
...         return '250 Message accepted for delivery'

Pass an instance of your ExampleHandler class to the Controller, and then start it:

>>> from aiosmtpd.controller import Controller
>>> controller = Controller(ExampleHandler())
>>> controller.start()

The SMTP thread might run into errors during its setup phase; to catch this the main thread will timeout when waiting for the SMTP server to become ready. By default the timeout is set to 1 second but can be changed either by using the AIOSMTPD_CONTROLLER_TIMEOUT environment variable or by passing a different ready_timeout duration to the Controller’s constructor.

Connect to the server and send a message, which then gets printed by ExampleHandler:

>>> from smtplib import SMTP as Client
>>> client = Client(controller.hostname, controller.port)
>>> r = client.sendmail('a@example.com', ['b@example.com'], """\
... From: Anne Person <anne@example.com>
... To: Bart Person <bart@example.com>
... Subject: A test
... Message-ID: <ant>
...
... Hi Bart, this is Anne.
... """)
Message from a@example.com
Message for ['b@example.com']
Message data:

> From: Anne Person <anne@example.com>
> To: Bart Person <bart@example.com>
> Subject: A test
> Message-ID: <ant>
>
> Hi Bart, this is Anne.

End of message

You’ll notice that at the end of the DATA command, your handler’s handle_DATA() method was called. The sender, recipients, and message contents were taken from the envelope, and printed at the console. The handler methods also returns a successful status message.

The ExampleHandler class also implements a handle_RCPT() method. This gets called after the RCPT TO command is sanity checked. The method ensures that all recipients are local to the @example.com domain, returning an error status if not. It is the handler’s responsibility to add valid recipients to the rcpt_tos attribute of the envelope and to return a successful status.

Thus, if we try to send a message to a recipient not inside example.com, it is rejected:

>>> client.sendmail('aperson@example.com', ['cperson@example.net'], """\
... From: Anne Person <anne@example.com>
... To: Chris Person <chris@example.net>
... Subject: Another test
... Message-ID: <another>
...
... Hi Chris, this is Anne.
... """)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
smtplib.SMTPRecipientsRefused: {'cperson@example.net': (550, b'not relaying to that domain')}

When you’re done with the SMTP server, stop it via the controller.

>>> controller.stop()

The server is guaranteed to be stopped.

>>> client.connect(controller.hostname, controller.port)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ConnectionRefusedError: ...

There are a number of built-in handler classes that you can use to do some common tasks, and it’s easy to write your own handler. For a full overview of the methods that handler classes may implement, see the section on handler hooks.

Unix Socket-based Server

The UnixSocketController class creates a server listening to a Unix Socket (i.e., a special file that can act as a ‘pipe’ for interprocess communication).

Usage is identical with the example described in the TCP-based Server section above, with some differences:

Rather than specifying a hostname:port to listen on, you specify the Socket’s filepath:

>>> from aiosmtpd.controller import UnixSocketController
>>> from aiosmtpd.handlers import Sink
>>> controller = UnixSocketController(Sink(), unix_socket="smtp_socket~")
>>> controller.start()

Rather than connecting to IP:port, you connect to the Socket file. Python’s smtplib.SMTP sadly cannot connect to a Unix Socket, so we need to handle it on our own here:

>>> import socket
>>> sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_UNIX, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
>>> sock.connect("smtp_socket~")
>>> resp = sock.recv(1024)
>>> resp[0:4]
b'220 '

Try sending something, don’t forget to end with "\r\n":

>>> sock.send(b"HELO example.org\r\n")
18
>>> resp = sock.recv(1024)
>>> resp[0:4]
b'250 '

And close everything when done:

>>> sock.send(b"QUIT\r\n")
6
>>> resp = sock.recv(1024)
>>> resp[0:4]
b'221 '
>>> sock.close()
>>> controller.stop()

Enabling SMTPUTF8

It’s very common to want to enable the SMTPUTF8 ESMTP option, therefore this is the default for the Controller constructor. For backward compatibility reasons, this is not the default for the SMTP class though. If you want to disable this in the Controller, you can pass this argument into the constructor:

>>> from aiosmtpd.handlers import Sink
>>> controller = Controller(Sink(), enable_SMTPUTF8=False)
>>> controller.start()
>>>
>>> client = Client(controller.hostname, controller.port)
>>> code, message = client.ehlo('me')
>>> code
250

The EHLO response does not include the SMTPUTF8 ESMTP option.

>>> lines = message.decode('utf-8').splitlines()
>>> # Don't print the server host name line, since that's variable.
>>> for line in lines[1:]:
...     print(line)
SIZE 33554432
8BITMIME
HELP

Stop the controller if we’re done experimenting:

>>> controller.stop()

Controller API

class aiosmtpd.controller.IP6_IS
NO: set

Contains constants from errno that will be raised by socket.bind() if IPv6 is not available on the system.

Important

If your system does not have IPv6 support but get_localhost() raises an error instead of returning "127.0.0.1", you can add the error number into this attribute.

YES: set

Contains constants from errno that will be raised by socket.bind() if IPv6 is not available on the system.

aiosmtpd.controller.get_localhost()
Returns

The numeric address of the loopback interface; "::1" if IPv6 is supported, "127.0.0.1" if IPv6 is not supported.

Return type

str

class aiosmtpd.controller.BaseThreadedController(handler, loop=None, *, ready_timeout, ssl_context=None, server_hostname=None, server_kwargs=None, **SMTP_parameters)
Parameters
  • handler – Handler object

  • loop – The asyncio event loop in which the server will run. If not given, asyncio.new_event_loop() will be called to create the event loop.

  • ready_timeout (float) – How long to wait until server starts. The AIOSMTPD_CONTROLLER_TIMEOUT takes precedence over this parameter. See ready_timeout for more information.

  • ssl_context (ssl.SSLContext) – SSL Context to wrap the socket in. Will be passed-through to create_server() method

  • server_hostname (Optional[str]) – Server’s hostname, will be passed-through as hostname parameter of SMTP

  • server_kwargs (Dict[str, Any]) – (DEPRECATED) A dict that will be passed-through as keyword arguments of SMTP. Explicitly listed keyword arguments going into **SMTP_parameters will take precedence over this parameter

  • SMTP_parameters – Optional keyword arguments that will be passed-through as keyword arguments of SMTP

Important

Usually, setting the ssl_context parameter will switch the protocol to SMTPS mode, implying unconditional encryption of the connection, and preventing the use of the STARTTLS mechanism.

Actual behavior depends on the subclass’s implementation.


Attributes
handler

The instance of the event handler passed to the constructor.

loop

The event loop being used.

ready_timeout: float

The timeout value used to wait for the server to start.

This will either be the value of the AIOSMTPD_CONTROLLER_TIMEOUT environment variable (converted to float), or the ready_timeout parameter.

Setting this to a high value will NOT slow down controller startup, because it’s a timeout limit rather than a sleep delay. However, you may want to reduce the default value to something ‘just enough’ so you don’t have to wait too long for an exception, if problem arises.

If this timeout is breached, a TimeoutError exception will be raised.

server

This is the server instance returned by _create_server() after the server has started.

smtpd: aiosmtpd.smtp.SMTP

The server instance (of class SMTP) created by factory() after the controller is started.


Methods
abstract _create_server() Coroutine

This method will be called by _run() during start() procedure.

It must return a Coroutine object which will be executed by the asyncio event loop.

abstract _trigger_server() None

The asyncio.loop.create_server() method (or its parallel) invokes factory() “lazily”, so exceptions in factory() can go undetected during start().

This method will create a connection to the started server and ‘exchange’ some traffic, thus triggering factory() invocation, allowing the Controller to catch exceptions during initialization.

start() None
Raises
  • TimeoutError – if the server takes too long to get ready, exceeding the ready_timeout parameter.

  • RuntimeError – if an unrecognized & unhandled error happened, resulting in non-creation of a server object (smtpd remains None)

Start the server in the subthread. The subthread is always a daemon thread (i.e., we always set thread.daemon=True).

Exceptions can be raised if the server does not start within ready_timeout seconds, or if any other exception occurs in factory() while creating the server.

Important

If start() raises an Exception, cleanup is not performed automatically, to support deep inspection post-exception (if you wish to do so.) Cleanup must still be performed manually by calling stop()

For example:

# Assume SomeController is a concrete subclass of BaseThreadedController
controller = SomeController(handler)
try:
    controller.start()
except ...:
    ... exception handling and/or inspection ...
finally:
    controller.stop()
stop() None
Raises

AssertionError – if stop() is called before start() is called successfully

Stop the server and the event loop, and cancel all tasks.

factory() aiosmtpd.smtp.SMTP

You can override this method to create custom instances of the SMTP class being controlled.

By default, this creates an SMTP instance, passing in your handler and setting flags from the **SMTP_Parameters parameter.

Examples of why you would want to override this method include creating an LMTP server instance instead of the standard SMTP server.

class aiosmtpd.controller.Controller(handler, hostname=None, port=8025, loop=None, *, ready_timeout=3.0, ssl_context=None, server_hostname=None, server_kwargs=None, **SMTP_parameters)
Parameters
  • hostname (Optional[str]) – Will be given to the event loop’s create_server() method as the host parameter, with a slight processing (see below)

  • port (int) – Will be passed-through to create_server() method

Note

The hostname parameter will be passed to the event loop’s create_server() method as the host parameter, except None (default) will be translated to ::1.

  • To bind dual-stack locally, use localhost.

  • To bind dual-stack on all interfaces, use "" (empty string).

Important

The hostname parameter does NOT get passed through to the SMTP instance; if you want to give the SMTP instance a custom hostname (e.g., for use in HELO/EHLO greeting), you must pass it through the server_hostname parameter.

Important

Explicitly defined SMTP keyword arguments will override keyword arguments of the same names defined in the (deprecated) server_kwargs argument.

>>> from aiosmtpd.handlers import Sink
>>> controller = Controller(Sink(), timeout=200, server_kwargs=dict(timeout=400))
>>> controller.SMTP_kwargs["timeout"]
200

One example is the enable_SMTPUTF8 flag described in the Enabling SMTPUTF8 section above.


Attributes
hostname: str
port: int

The values of the hostname and port arguments.

Other parameters, attributes, and methods are identical to BaseThreadedController and thus are not repeated nor explained here.

class aiosmtpd.controller.UnixSocketController(handler, unix_socket, loop=None, *, ready_timeout=3.0, ssl_context=None, server_hostname=None, **SMTP_parameters)
Parameters

unix_socket (Union[str, pathlib.Path]) – Socket file, will be passed-through to asyncio.loop.create_unix_server()


Attributes
unix_socket: str

The stringified version of the unix_socket parameter

Other parameters, attributes, and methods are identical to BaseThreadedController and thus are not repeated nor explained here.