Debian no impone requisitos de hardware más allá de los que establecen el núcleo Linux o kFreeBSD y el conjunto de herramientas GNU. En cualquier caso, cualquier arquitectura o plataforma a la que se haya adaptado el núcleo Linux o kFreeBSD, libc, gcc, etc., y para los que exista una adaptación de Debian, puede ejecutar Debian. Por favor, diríjase a las páginas de adaptaciones en http://www.debian.org/ports/arm/ para más información sobre sistemas de arquitectura 32-bit soft-float ARM probados con Debian GNU/Linux.
En lugar de intentar describir las diferentes configuraciones de hardware compatibles con 32-bit soft-float ARM, esta sección contiene información general y referencias adicionales donde puede encontrar más información.
Debian GNU/Linux 8 permite el uso de once arquitecturas principales y algunas variaciones de cada arquitectura conocidas como “sabores”.
Arquitectura | Designación de Debian | Subarquitectura | Sabor |
---|---|---|---|
Basada en Intel x86 | i386 | ||
AMD64 e Intel 64 | amd64 | ||
ARM | armel | Intel IXP4xx | ixp4xx |
Marvell Kirkwood | kirkwood | ||
Marvell Orion | orion5x | ||
Versatile | versatile | ||
ARM con hardware FPU | armhf | multiplatform | armmp |
multiplatform for LPAE-capable systems | armmp-lpae | ||
64bit ARM | arm64 | ||
MIPS (big endian) | mips | SGI IP22 (Indy/Indigo 2) | r4k-ip22 |
SGI IP32 (O2) | r5k-ip32 | ||
MIPS Malta (32 bit) | 4kc-malta | ||
MIPS Malta (64 bit) | 5kc-malta | ||
MIPS (little endian) | mipsel | MIPS Malta (32 bit) | 4kc-malta |
MIPS Malta (64 bit) | 5kc-malta | ||
IBM/Motorola PowerPC | powerpc | PowerMac | pmac |
PReP | prep | ||
Power Systems | ppc64el | IBM POWER8 or newer machines | |
IBM S/390 64bit | s390x | IPL del lector VM y DASD | genérico |
Este documento cubre la instalación para la arquitectura 32-bit soft-float ARM usando el núcleo Linux. Si busca información sobre cualquiera de las otras arquitecturas compatibles con Debian consulte las páginas de las adaptaciones de Debian.
The ARM architecture has evolved over time and modern ARM processors provide features which are not available in older models. Debian therefore provides three ARM ports to give the best support for a very wide range of different machines:
Debian/armel targets older 32-bit ARM processors without support for a hardware floating point unit (FPU),
Debian/armhf works only on newer 32-bit ARM processors which implement at least the ARMv7 architecture with version 3 of the ARM vector floating point specification (VFPv3). It makes use of the extended features and performance enhancements available on these models.
Debian/arm64 works on 64-bit ARM processors which implement at least the ARMv8 architecture.
Muchas CPUs ARM también pueden funcionar en cualquier modo endian «little-endian» o «big-endian»). Sin embargo, la mayoría de las implementaciones de sistemas actuales usan el modo «little-endian». Debian sólo permite actualmente sistemas ARM «little-endian».
ARM systems are much more heterogeneous than those based on the i386/amd64-based PC architecture, so the support situation can be much more complicated.
The ARM architecture is used mainly in so-called “system-on-chip” (SoC) designs. These SoCs are designed by many different companies with vastly varying hardware components even for the very basic functionality required to bring the system up. System firmware interfaces have been increasingly standardised over time, but especially on older hardware firmware/boot interfaces vary a great deal, so on these systems the Linux kernel has to take care of many system-specific low-level issues which would be handled by the mainboard's BIOS in the PC world.
At the beginning of the ARM support in the Linux kernel, the hardware variety resulted in the requirement of having a separate kernel for each ARM system in contrast to the “one-fits-all” kernel for PC systems. As this approach does not scale to a large number of different systems, work was done to allow booting with a single ARM kernel that can run on different ARM systems. Support for newer ARM systems is now implemented in a way that allows the use of such a multiplatform kernel, but for several older systems a separate specific kernel is still required. Because of this, the standard Debian distribution only supports installation on a selected number of such older ARM systems, alongside the newer systems which are supported by the ARM multiplatform kernels (called “armmp”) in Debian/armhf.
The following platforms are supported by Debian/armel; they require platform-specific kernels.
The Intel IXP4xx processor series is used in commonly used network attached storage (NAS) devices like the Linksys NSLU2.
While there is kernel support for this platform in Debian 8, it is not supported by the debian-installer
. It is possible to do a “dist-upgrade” from Debian 7 to Debian 8 for existing installations, though. Due to the small amount of RAM that systems based on the IXP4xx typically have, this requires that swap space is enabled prior to upgrading. Support for the IXP4xx platform will be dropped completely in Debian 9.
Kirkwood es un sistema en un chip («system on a chip», SoC) de Marvell que integra un procesador ARM, Ethernet, SATA, USB y otras funcionalidades en un solo chip. Actualmente, Debian es compatible con los siguientes dispositivos basados en Kirkwood: OpenRD (OpenRD-Base, OpenRD-Client y OpenRD-Ultimate), PC de enchufe (SheevaPlug, GuruPlug y DreamPlug), QNAP Turbo Station (todos los modelos TS-11x, TS-21x y TS-41x) y LaCie NASes (Network Space v2, Network Space Max v2, Internet Space v2, d2 Network v2, 2Big Network v2 y 5Big Network v2).
Orion es un sistema en un chip (SoC) de Marvell que integra una CPU ARM, Ethernet, SATA, USB y otras funcionalidades en un chip. Hay muchos dispositivos de almacenamiento con conexión a la red (NAS) en el mercado que están basados en el chip Orion. Actualmente, hay compatibilidad con los siguientes dispositivos basados en Orion: Buffalo Kurobox, D-Link DNS-323 y HP mv2120.
La plataforma Versatile se emula con QEMU y por lo tanto es una buena forma de probar y ejecutar Debian en ARM si no tiene el hardware.
Intel's I/O Processor (IOP) line is found in a number of products related to data storage and processing, such as the GLAN Tank from IO-Data and the Thecus N2100. Debian has supported the IOP32x platform in Debian 7, but does not support it any longer from version 8 on due to hardware constraints of the platform which make it unsuitable for the installation of newer Debian releases.
The MV78xx0 platform has been used on the Marvell DB-78xx0-BP development board. It was supported in Debian 7 with a platform-specific kernel (based on the Linux kernel version 3.2), but is not supported any more from Debian 8 onwards.
La compatibilidad de Debian con interfaces gráficas está determinada por la compatibilidad subyacente encontrada en el sistema X11 de X.Org. En sistemas PC modernos, habitualmente la interfaz gráfica funcionará desde el primer momento sin una configuración posterior. La disponibilidad de funciones avanzadas de tarjeta gráfica como la aceleración de hardware 3D o vídeo acelerado por hardware depende del hardware de gráficos utilizado en el sistema, y en algunos casos de la instalación de imágenes de “firmware” adicionales (consulte Sección 2.2, “Dispositivos que requieren Firmware”). Se han dado algunos casos de hardware donde la instalación de firmware adicional de tarjeta gráfica era necesario incluso para la compatibilidad básica de gráficos, pero son situaciones excepcionales.
Nearly all ARM machines have the graphics hardware built-in, rather than being on a plug-in card. Some machines do have expansion slots which will take graphics cards, but that is a rarity. Hardware designed to be headless with no graphics at all is quite common. Whilst basic framebuffer video provided by the kernel should work on all devices that have graphics, fast 3D graphics invariably needs binary drivers to work. The situation is changing quickly but at the time of the jessie release free drivers for nouveau (Nvidia Tegra K1 SoC) and freedreno (Qualcomm Snapdragon SoCs) are available in the release. Other hardware needs non-free drivers from 3rd parties.
Para más detalles sobre tarjetas de vídeo y dispositivos de señalamiento compatibles en http://xorg.freedesktop.org/. Debian 8 incluye X.Org versión 7.7.
Casi cualquier tarjeta de interfaz de red (también llamadas «network interface card» o NIC, n. del t.) compatible con el núcleo de Linux es también compatible con el sistema de instalación. Por regla general, los controladores modulares se cargarán automáticamente.
Para 32-bit soft-float ARM, la mayoría de dispositivos incorporados Ethernet son compatibles, y se proporcionan módulos para dispositivos adicionales PCI e USB.